Cavitation-crazing transition in rubber toughening of poly(lactic acid)-cellulose nanocrystal composites

Muiruri, Joseph Kinyanjui; Liu, Songlin; Teo, Wern Sze; Yeo, Jayven Chee Chuan; Thitsartarn, Warintorn; He, Chaobin

doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.08.021

Cited by 33 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…[3][4][5][6][7][8] Even though the numerous advantages of PLA, the inherent shortcomings such as brittleness, low melt, strength and poor heat-resistance limit its wide application. 9,10 Traditional methods such as copolymerization, 11,12 plasticization [13][14][15] and rubber toughening [16][17][18][19] have been employed to improve the toughness of PLA. Recently, the use of biodegradable modifiers to improve the toughness of PLA has been reported for the fully biological degradation purpose.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly‐modified polylactide transparent blends with better heat‐resistance, melt strength, toughness and stiffness balance due to the compatibilization and chain extender effects of methacrylate‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate copolymer

Jiang

Song

et al. 2020

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A core-shell modifier with the cross-linked acrylate and silicone copolymer as the core and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as the shell (PASi-g-PMMA) was used to toughen the brittle polylactide (PLA). In addition, the copolymer of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) (MG) was utilized to further enhance the modification efficiency of the PASi-g-PMMA. The MG copolymer played the double roles of compatibilizer and chain extender, which not only improved the interfacial adhesion between the PLA and PASi-g-PMMA particles, but also increased the molecular weight and chain entanglement of the PLA. Compared with the PASi-g-PMMA toughened PLA blend, the PLA/PASi-g-PMMA/MG blends showed much higher heatresistance, melt strength, transparency, toughness and stiffness balance. When the PASi-g-PMMA content was 20 wt%, 20 wt% MG increased the glass transition temperature (T g), complex viscosity (η*), transparency, impact and tensile strength of PLA/PASi-g-PMMA blend from 60.1 C, 1.9 × 10 3 PaÁs, 76.1%, 748 J/m and 37 MPa to 71.5 C, 0.5 × 10 4 PaÁs, 78.4%, 860 J/m and 45 MPa for the PLA/PASi-g-PMMA/MG blend. This research provided a facile and practical method to overcome the shortcomings of the PLA and promoted its application in broader fields.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly‐modified polylactide transparent blends with better heat‐resistance, melt strength, toughness and stiffness balance due to the compatibilization and chain extender effects of methacrylate‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate copolymer

Jiang

Song

et al. 2020

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…The performance of polymer blends is closely related to their phase morphology. Most polymer blends show phase separation on the micron-scale, including matrix-dispersed, matrix-fibrous to lamellar structure. − Such microphase interfaces often become the origin of cracks and catastrophic failure, limiting their further applications. , Therefore, compatible polymer blends with nanoscale interfaces are highly desired since they often exhibit synergistic improvements in their mechanical, thermal, or optoelectronic properties. Miscibility in polymers is driven by a reduction in the total free energy Δ G m , composed of enthalpy and entropy.…”

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confidence: 99%

Entropy-Driven Ultratough Blends from Brittle Polymers

et al. 2021

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Polymer blends with synergetic performance play an integral part in modern society. The discovery of compatible polymer systems often relies on strong chemical interactions. By contrast, the role of entropy in polymers is often neglected. In this work, we show that entropy effect could control the phase structure and mechanical behaviors of polymer blends. For weakly interacting polymer pairs, the seemingly small mixing entropy favors the formation of nanoscale cocontinuous structures. The abundant nanointerfaces could initiate large plastic deformations by crazing or shear, thus, transforming brittle polymers (elongation < 9%) into superductile materials (elongation ∼ 146%). The resultant polymer blends display high transparency, strength (∼70 MPa), and toughness (∼60 MJ/m 3 ) beyond most engineering plastics. The principle of entropy-driven blends may also be applied in other polymer systems, offering a strategy to develop mechanically robust bulk polymeric materials for emerging applications such as biomedicine and electronics.

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“…Considering the difference in size and length scales of hard segments of WCPU and WCF, the results suggest the formation of hierarchically reinforced composites that can maintain high toughness, high stiffness, and high strength at the same time due to various toughening and stiffening mechanisms that can simultaneously take place along the multiple length scales. This is further evidenced by the microscopic analyses on both tensile and impact fracture surfaces revealing the key deformation marks that can be listed as fiber pull-out 19,42,43 (Figures 4a,c and S17), fiber fracture 19,43 (Figures 4a,b,e and S17), fiber buckling 19,43 (Figures 4a,c and S17), debonding at the polymer−fiber interface 19 (Figure 4b,d), nanocavitation 28 (Figures 4d,f, S19, and S20), plastic void growth 27−30 (Figures 4f, S19, and S20), fibrillation 31,32,44,45 (Figures S18, S19, and S21), multiple crazing 1,[33][34][35][36][37]44,45 (Figures 4c,e, S17−S19, and S21), and shear yielding, 1,7,19,24,38,39 (Figures 4c,−f, S17, S18, and S21) which take place at different length scales. Accordingly, the ternary composites maintain high stiffness, high strength, and high impact toughness as demonstrated by the tensile and impact tests (Figure 2d−2f, Tables S3, S5, and S6).…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Sustainable Approach to Produce Stiff, Super-Tough, and Heat-Resistant Poly(lactic acid)-Based Green Materials

Oğuz

Candau

Citak

et al. 2019

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Circumventing inherent embrittlement, poor heat resistance, and melt elasticity of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) without compromising its remarkable stiffness and strength has become a particular challenge in polymer science due to increasing demand for green materials in emerging applications of sustainable chemistry and engineering. Achieving this without using any high-cost reagent/additive and/or complex processing technique is another critical aspect for developing industrially viable alternatives to petroleum-based commodity plastics. Here we demonstrate that high-shear mixing of PLA with waste cross-linked polyurethanes and waste cellulose fibers allows for overcoming its inherent embrittlement, poor heat resistance, and melt elasticity without compromising its superior stiffness and strength while suggesting a sustainable way of recycling/reusing industrial wastes as high added-value additives. We therefore achieve to produce stiff, strong, super-tough, and heat-resistant PLA-based green materials, for instance, with an elastic modulus of 4 GPa at 25 °C (∼30% higher than that of pure PLA), a storage modulus of 312 MPa at 90 °C (∼44 times higher than that of pure PLA), a tensile strength of 65 MPa (comparable to that of PLA), and an impact strength (toughness) of 52 kJ/m2 (∼2.3 times higher than that of pure PLA).

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Cavitation-crazing transition in rubber toughening of poly(lactic acid)-cellulose nanocrystal composites

Cited by 33 publications

References 31 publications

Highly‐modified polylactide transparent blends with better heat‐resistance, melt strength, toughness and stiffness balance due to the compatibilization and chain extender effects of methacrylate‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate copolymer

Highly‐modified polylactide transparent blends with better heat‐resistance, melt strength, toughness and stiffness balance due to the compatibilization and chain extender effects of methacrylate‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate copolymer

Entropy-Driven Ultratough Blends from Brittle Polymers

A Sustainable Approach to Produce Stiff, Super-Tough, and Heat-Resistant Poly(lactic acid)-Based Green Materials

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