“…6 Schematic illustration for the putative mechanisms leading to diabetic endothelial vascular dysfunction. Sustained hyperglycemia causes several alterations in vasculature including its direct effect on increase in oxidative stress as well as decrease in antioxidant defence system [3, 7-10, 15, 16, 22, 32-35, 37, 39-41], changes in function and density of receptors [7,10,13,17,23,31,40], increased expression levels of Cav-1 [5,6,23,31,47,48], ET-1 [4,13,33], activation of PKC [10, 39-42, 45, 46], and degradation of MMPs [11,12,15,16,43,[47][48][49]. In addition, according to literature, most of these components are also affected with increased oxidative stress and unbalanced oxidants/antioxidants ratio, as well as altered cellular redox state.…”