Cautionary Note on Reporting Eta-Squared Values from Multifactor ANOVA Designs

Pierce, Charles A.; Block, Richard A.; Aguinis, Herman

doi:10.1177/0013164404264848

Cited by 475 publications

(339 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This in turn determined the statistical significance of the differences between distortion and asynchrony levels, indicated by a probability less than 0.05 %, p< .05 [16]. Effect sizes were calculated using the partial eta-squared (η 2 p ) statistic [31]; this provided a measure, comparable across experiments, for the strength of the effect of asynchrony and/or distortion on reported synchrony. Differences between distortion levels were deduced from graphs plotted with standard errors of the mean illustrating the response variation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Audiovisual robustness: exploring perceptual tolerance to asynchrony and quality distortion

Griwodz

Halvorsen

et al. 2014

Multimed Tools Appl

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Rules-of-thumb for noticeable and detrimental asynchrony between audio and video streams have long since been established from the contributions of several studies. Although these studies share similar findings, none have made any discernible assumptions regarding audio and video quality. Considering the use of active adaptation in present and upcoming streaming systems, audio and video will continue to be delivered in separate streams; consequently, the assumption that the rules-of-thumb hold independent of quality needs to be challenged. To put this assumption to the test, we focus on the detection, not the appraisal, of asynchrony at different levels of distortion. Cognitive psychologists use the term temporal integration to describe the failure to detect asynchrony. The term refers to a perceptual process with an inherent buffer for short asynchronies, where corresponding auditory and visual signals are merged into one experience. Accordingly, this paper discusses relevant causes and concerns with regards to asynchrony, it introduces research on audiovisual perception, and it moves on to explore the impact of audio and video quality on the temporal integration of different audiovisual events. Three content types are explored, speech from a news broadcast, music presented by a drummer, and physical action in the Multimed Tools Appl (2015) 74:345-365 form of a chess game. Within these contexts, we found temporal integration to be very robust to quality discrepancies between the two modalities. In fact, asynchrony detection thresholds varied considerably more between the different content than they did between distortion levels. Nevertheless, our findings indicate that the assumption concerning the independence of asynchrony and audiovisual quality may have to be reconsidered.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Audiovisual robustness: exploring perceptual tolerance to asynchrony and quality distortion

Griwodz

Halvorsen

et al. 2014

Multimed Tools Appl

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“…One-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey post hoc tests were used to determine differences in motor coordination skills between the groups. Additionally, eta-squared was calculated to report the effect sizes for the ANOVAs (0.02 = small, 0.13 = medium, 0.26 = large) [19]. In all the analyses, the level of significance was set at 0.05.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in the motor coordination abilities among adolescent gymnasts, swimmers, and ice hockey players

Jaakkola¹,

Watt²,

Kalaja³

2018

Hum Mov.

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Purpose. Motor coordination is proposed to be a relatively stable age-related construct, unlikely to be influenced by aligned experiential factors such as intensive sport-specific training. The purpose of the study is to investigate if there are differences in motor coordination abilities among young artistic gymnasts, swimmers, and ice hockey players. Methods. The participants of the study were 508 female and 258 male adolescents (age, M = 12.80, SD = 1.10) comprising artistic gymnasts (n = 463), swimmers (n = 70), and ice hockey players (n = 233). The KTK-test protocol was used to analyse their gross motor coordination abilities.Results. The results of the study demonstrated that gymnasts scored better than ice hockey players and swimmers in the test of walking backwards along a beam, and better than ice hockey players in total motor coordination, hopping over an obstacle, and the test of moving sideways on wooden boards. However, ice hockey players scored higher than swimmers and gymnasts in the test of jumping from side to side. Subsequently, swimmers obtained better results in the test of moving sideways on wooden boards as compared with ice hockey players. Conclusions. The study results indicate that intensive sport-specific training may extend young athletes' motor coordination characteristics in the ability areas representative of the sport in which they engage.

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“…These indices are the ratio of the variance attributable to the effect and the sum of the variance attributable to the effect and the variance not explained in the model. They are not classic measures of eta-squared, do not reflect proportion variance accounted for, and do not sum to one (Pierce et al, 2004). (Berry, 1999; West & Yassouda, 2004), compromises the effective engagement of cognitive resources (West, Thorn, & Bagwell, 2003; West, Bagwell, & Dark-Freudeman, 2005).…”

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confidence: 99%

Adult age differences in the effects of goals on self-regulated sentence processing.

Stine‐Morrow¹,

Shake²,

Miles³

et al. 2006

Psychology and Aging

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We examined age differences in the allocation of effort when reading text for either high levels of recall accuracy or high levels of efficiency. Older and younger adults read a series of sentences, making judgments of learning before recalling the information they had studied. Older adults showed less sensitivity than the young to the accuracy goal in terms of both reading time allocation and memory performance. Memory monitoring (i.e., the correspondence between actual and perceived learning) and differential allocation of effort to unlearned items were age-equivalent, so that age differences in goal adherence were not attributable to these factors. However, comparison with data from a judgment task neutral with respect to memory monitoring showed that learning gains among the old across trial were reduced relative to young by memory monitoring, suggesting that active memory monitoring may be resource-consuming for older learners. Regression analysis was used to show that age differences in the responsiveness to (cognitive/information-acquisition) goals could be accounted for, in part, by independent contributions from working memory and memory selfefficacy. Our data suggest that both processing capacity ("what you have") and beliefs ("knowing you can do it") can contribute to individual differences in engaging resources ("what you do") to effectively learn novel content from text.Age-graded declines in fluid abilities (e.g., working memory capacity, attentional processes, processing speed) can impact the outcomes of reading, most notably memory for the information in the text that was read (Johnson, 2003;Wingfield & Stine-Morrow, 2000). Poor discourse memory among older adults is often attributed to age-graded changes in processing efficiency (e.g., Hartley, Stojack, Mushaney, Annon, & Lee, 1994;Stine & Hindman, 1994), resulting in a degradation in the strength or fidelity of the text representation garnered from time allocated to the task. The effects of this decrease in processing efficiency on recall performance may be exacerbated by a neglect in the allocation of attentional resources to overcome changes in cognitive ability (Ratner, Schell, Crimmins, Mittelman, & Baldinelli, 1987;Stine-Morrow, Miller, & Leno, 2001;Stine-Morrow, Ryan, & Leonard, 2000;Zabrucky & Moore, 1994), essentially a self-regulatory phenomenon in which reading strategies do not fully accommodate to age-graded change in capacity.This study was motivated by the desire to understand why this accommodation may not occur. We considered the viability of three (not mutually exclusive) explanations. First, it could be that older readers' reduced working memory capacity impairs the executive control of selfregulatory processing (e.g., Thiede & Dunlosky, 1999). Second, it could be that fundamental components of metacognitive control (e.g., the ability to monitor the current status of memory and allocate effort appropriately) are compromised with age (e.g., Hertzog & Dunlosky, 2004). Finally, it could be that age-related change in motiv...

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Cautionary Note on Reporting Eta-Squared Values from Multifactor ANOVA Designs

Cited by 475 publications

References 25 publications

Audiovisual robustness: exploring perceptual tolerance to asynchrony and quality distortion

Audiovisual robustness: exploring perceptual tolerance to asynchrony and quality distortion

Differences in the motor coordination abilities among adolescent gymnasts, swimmers, and ice hockey players

Adult age differences in the effects of goals on self-regulated sentence processing.

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