Caution, Overload: The Troubled Past of Genetic Load

Teicher, Amir

doi:10.1534/genetics.118.301093

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…In addition, over a century of immigration policy has resulted in a heterogeneous population socially stratified by a racial taxonomy based on distance from perceived Whiteness . Minoritized US citizens have been subject to racist practices and policies like segregation, forced resettlement, and hostile immigration policies . Given the role stress plays in the development of psychosis, these factors make the US an important context within which to examine differences across the psychosis continuum among multiple ethnoracial groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Minoritized US citizens have been subject to racist practices and policies like segregation, forced resettlement, and hostile immigration policies. [5][6][7] Given the role stress plays in the development of psychosis, 8 these factors make the US an important context within which to examine differences across the psychosis continuum among multiple ethnoracial groups.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Ethnoracial Risk Variation Across the Psychosis Continuum in the US

van der Ven,

Olino,

Diehl

et al. 2024

JAMA Psychiatry

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ImportanceStudies suggest a higher risk of schizophrenia diagnoses in Black vs White Americans, yet a systematic investigation of disparities that include other ethnoracial groups and multiple outcomes on the psychosis continuum is lacking.ObjectiveTo identify ethnoracial risk variation in the US across 3 psychosis continuum outcomes (ie, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, clinical high risk for psychosis [CHR-P], and psychotic symptoms [PSs] and psychotic experiences [PEs]).Data SourcesPubMed, PsycINFO and Embase were searched up to December 2022.Study SelectionObservational studies on ethnoracial differences in risk of 3 psychosis outcomes.Data Extraction and SynthesisPreferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Using a random-effects model, estimates for ethnoracial differences in schizophrenia and PSs/PEs were pooled and moderation by sampling and setting was determined, along with the assessment of heterogeneity and risk of bias.Main Outcomes and MeasuresRisk of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorder, CHR-P, and conversion to psychosis among CHR-P and PSs/PEs.ResultsOf 64 studies in the systematic review, 47 were included in the meta-analysis comprising 54 929 people with schizophrenia and 223 097 with data on PSs/PEs. Compared with White individuals, Black individuals had increased risk of schizophrenia (pooled odds ratio [OR], 2.07; 95% CI, 1.64-2.61) and PSs/PEs (pooled standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.10; 95% CI, 0.03-0.16), Latinx individuals had higher risk of PSs/PEs (pooled SMD, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.08-0.22), and individuals classified as other ethnoracial group were at significantly higher risk of schizophrenia than White individuals (pooled OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.31-2.50). The results regarding CHR-P studies were mixed and inconsistent. Sensitivity analyses showed elevated odds of schizophrenia in Asian individuals in inpatient settings (pooled OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.19-2.84) and increased risk of PEs among Asian compared with White individuals, specifically in college samples (pooled SMD, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.02-0.29). Heterogeneity across studies was high, and there was substantial risk of bias in most studies.Conclusions and RelevanceFindings of this systematic review and meta-analysis revealed widespread ethnoracial risk variation across multiple psychosis outcomes. In addition to diagnostic, measurement, and hospital bias, systemic influences such as structural racism should be considered as drivers of ethnoracial disparities in outcomes across the psychosis continuum in the US.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Ethnoracial Risk Variation Across the Psychosis Continuum in the US

van der Ven,

Olino,

Diehl

et al. 2024

JAMA Psychiatry

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“…Unfortunately, genetics was born in Central Europe and important historical research on its development was hindered, including learning about Mendel's personality and the background of his experiments. Progress was frustrated first by the Nazi occupation [21][22][23] and later by the communist revolution [24]. In this regard, we should not forget about H. J. Muller (1890-1967) who spoke out on numerous occasions about the uses and abuses of genetics in society [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Political Repression Stifled the Nascent Foundations of Heredity Research before Mendel in Central European Sheep Breeding Societies

et al. 2021

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The nineteenth century was a time of great economic, social, and political change. The population of a modernizing Europe began demanding more freedom, which in turn propelled the ongoing discussion on the philosophy of nature. This spurred on Central European sheep breeders to debate the deepest secrets of nature: the transmission of traits from one generation to another. Scholarly questions of heredity were profoundly entwined with philosophy and politics when particular awareness of “the genetic laws of nature” claimed natural equality. The realization that the same rules of inheritance may apply to all living beings frightened both the absolutist political power and the divided society of the day. Many were not prepared to separate religious questions from novel natural phenomena. Open-minded breeders put their knowledge into practice right away to create sheep with better wool traits through inbreeding and artificial selection. This was viewed, however, as the artificial modification of nature operating against the cultural and religious norms of the day. Liberal attempts caught the attention of the secret police and, consequently, the aspirations of scholars were suppressed by political will during approximately 1820–1850.

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“…English translations of these documents are available in the supporting information. Having reviewed the relevant literature, “burden” seemed the best translation of the German term “Belastung” often used in these articles, reflecting what we would now call “genetic load,” “level of family risk” or “positive family history.” While later developments, especially in the application of racial hygiene measures under the German National Socialists, put this term in a different and more sinister light (see discussion by Teicher [Teicher, 2018]), we have used it as we feel it is most accurate historical term.…”

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confidence: 99%

Julius Wagner von Jauregg, Otto Diem and research methods for assessing the contributions of hereditary burden to mental illness risk: 1902–1906

Kendler

Klee²

2021

American J of Med Genetics Pt B

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After decades of methodological stasis in 19th century psychiatric genetics, when uncontrolled studies reported high rates of hereditary burden in hospitalized patients, Koller completed the first controlled study in 1895. We pick up this narrative 7 years later when the well‐known Julius Wagner v. Jauregg published a biting critique of the then current psychiatric genetics' literature. In 1905, partially in response to Wagner v. Jauregg, Otto Diem attempted to replicate and extend Koller's study. Wagner v. Jauregg then wrote a follow‐up to his earlier critique in 1906, commenting on Diem's investigation. Themes discussed in this point‐counterpoint included the necessity of statistical methods to draw meaningful conclusions about the impact of hereditary burden on mental illness, the required sample size and proper selection of controls, the classes of relatives which should optimally be studied, the problems of obtaining accurate information on familial illnesses, the nature of the disorders in families which contribute to mental illness risk and the common unquestioned dogmatic belief that insanity is very often due to hereditary causes. Both Wagner v. Jauregg and Diem spoke out forcefully against the common assumption that hereditary burden operated in a deterministic fashion and emphasized the need to consider other causes of illness.

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Caution, Overload: The Troubled Past of Genetic Load

Cited by 6 publications

References 47 publications

Ethnoracial Risk Variation Across the Psychosis Continuum in the US

Ethnoracial Risk Variation Across the Psychosis Continuum in the US

How Political Repression Stifled the Nascent Foundations of Heredity Research before Mendel in Central European Sheep Breeding Societies

Julius Wagner von Jauregg, Otto Diem and research methods for assessing the contributions of hereditary burden to mental illness risk: 1902–1906

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