Causes of Visiting Teenagers in the Pediatric and Adolescence Examining Room

Abstract

Adolescence is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood. Depending on female gonads' function and on hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis activation, results in teenager's body growth, in secondary sex characteristics' development and finally in their reproductive potential. In adolescence, the negative feedback of gonadal steroids on gonadotropins is disturbed. Teenagers presenting with dysfunctional bleedings are usually suspected of hemorrhagic ovarian cysts or endometriosis and require gynecologic examination, evaluation, and hormone therapy. It is of great importance both for teenagers and their parents to understand that hormone therapy is the first line treatment for bleeding disorders in these ages. A detailed medical history is necessary to determine the appropriate treatment plan. Primary care includes the detection of adolescents with acute or chronic pelvic pain that may be associated with endometriosis or other pathologies like mullerian duct abnormalities, imperforate hymen, ovarian teratomas, ovarian torsion, and vaginal absence or atresia. Mullerian duct abnormalities are associated with increased rates of unexplained infertility, spontaneous abortions, and pathological conditions of pregnancy. Specialists, should help teenagers in getting familiar to their bodies, to their sexuality, inform them about the sexually transmitted diseases, and safety options including vaccination and guide them in contraception issues.

Human Papillomavirüs (HPV), Servikal Smear ve Kolposkopik Biyopsi Sonuçlarının Karşılaştırılması: Serviks Kanseri Taramasında Bir Üniversite Hastanesinin 4 Yıllık Deneyimi

“…In 2 of them Pap smear test was unsatisfactory and 1 had ASC-US. The sensitivity and specificity of the Pap smear test were 55.2% and 69.2%, respectively which are consistent with the literature (10)(11)(12)(13).…”

“…Pap smear test is used as a screening tool which is shown to be effective (8,9). Although there had been a remarkable reduction in the mortality of cervical cancer with Pap smear screening programs, there are many reports in the literature indicating the low sensitivity of this test (10)(11)(12)(13). In a systematic review including 97 studies, the sensitivity of Pap smear test was ranged from 30% to 87% (11).…”

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“…1,2 More than 90% of cases of cervical cancer result from infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). 3,4 The HPV vaccine represents a revolutionary step forward in preventing cervical cancer. But, some vaccines are available only on a user-pays basis and therefore entail an out-of-pocket expense.…”

Biomaterial strategies to replicate gynecological tissue

“…176 Currently, there are two types of tests for cervical cancer screening: Papanicolaou tests (commonly known as Pap smears) and HPV tests. 177 If it is caught early, stage I patients have a 92% survival rate. However, 13% percent of cervical cancer patients are diagnosed at advanced stages and have a 16.5% survival rate.…”