Causes of Blindness and Visual Impairment in Latin America

Furtado, João M.; Lansingh, Van C.; Carter, Marissa J.; Milanese, María F.; Peña, Brenda; Ghersi, Hernán A.; Bote, Paula L.; Nano, Maria Eugenia; Silva, Juan Carlos

doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2011.07.002

Cited by 109 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 199 publications

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“…Since 2003, for example, the CSR in Paraguay raised from 650 (6) to 1000, (5) although this number is still insufficient to cover the population needs (11) . In contrast with other populationbased studies performed in La tin America, (4) glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy were not among the main causes of blindness in the present study. One possible ex planation is the fact that cataract was very prevalent among visually impaired subjects in the sample, and this disease is considered more preventable and treated.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…In 1999, VISION 2020, a global initiative created by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB) was launched with the aim to eliminate avoidable blindness by the year 2020 (2,3) . The program only reached Latin America in 2004, as a partnership between IAPB, the Pan American Association of Oph thalmology (PAAO), and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (4) , and since then progress has been made in the fight to reduce the impact of avoidable blindness in the region. From 2005 to 2008, for example, the cataract surgical rate (CSR defined as the number of cataract surgeries performed per million individuals per year) has improved in almost all Latin American countries (5) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a limited number of articles describing epidemiological aspects of eye diseases in Paraguay (4) . The only available data about the prevalence of blindness in the country was published in 2003, when Duerksen et al, examined a randomized sample composed of more than 2,000 subjects ≥50 years old nationwide (6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and causes of blindness in an urban area of Paraguay

Yaacov-Peña¹,

Jure²,

Ocampos³

et al. 2012

Arq. Bras. Oftalmol.

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Purpose: To determine the prevalence and causes of blindness in Piribebuy, Paraguay. Methods: A population based study was conducted from September to November 2007 in Piribebuy, Paraguay. Based on the city map, seven clusters were randomly selected, containing 22 to 36 squares (423 to 578 houses) each, where all subjects ≥ 40 years old who agreed to participate were included in the study. Presenting vision acuity (VA) was obtained for each eye, with 'E' Snellen charts 6 meters far from the patient with appropriate light. Eyes with VA ≤20/60 were also tested with the pinhole. Objective and subjective refraction was performed, followed by examina tion of anterior segment under the slitlamp, Goldmann applanation tonometry, and pupil dilatation with 0.5% tropicamide plus 0.5% phenylephrine, followed by evaluation of the posterior pole. Best corrected visual acuity was used to classify the patients as follows: blindness was defined as visual acuity of the better eye <20/400, low vision as 20/400

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and causes of blindness in an urban area of Paraguay

Yaacov-Peña¹,

Jure²,

Ocampos³

et al. 2012

Arq. Bras. Oftalmol.

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“…Age, smoking, BMI, genetic variants, advanced AMD in one eye and drusen size in both were independently associated with progression (19) . In Latin America, AMD treatment is very costly, and little research has been done on the disease (20) . Approximately 8.3% of the population of Latin America and the Caribbean is 65 years or older (21) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Argentina has one of the highest elderly populations in the region with up to 13.1% being 65 years or older, and 97% of the population of Argentina is White (mainly of Spanish and Italian descent) and 3% is Mestizo (of mixed White and Indigenous race), Indigenous, or of another race (21,22) . Despite its significantly aging population, there have been no studies to date on AMD in Argentina, where epidemiological studies on blindness suggest that AMD may be the cause of 3-4% of blindness (20) . The objective of this case-control study is to assess the risk factors for the development and progression of AMD in Argentina.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors of age-related macular degeneration in Argentina

Nano

Lansingh²,

Pighin³

et al. 2013

Arq. Bras. Oftalmol.

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Purposes: To assess the risk factors of age-related macular degeneration in Argentina using a case-control study. Methods: Surveys were used for subjects' antioxidant intake, age/gender, race, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes (and type of treatment), smoking, sunlight exposure, red meat consumption, fish consumption, presence of age-related macular degeneration and family history of age-related macular degeneration. Main effects models for logistic regression and ordinal logistic regression were used to analyze the results. Results: There were 175 cases and 175 controls with a mean age of 75.4 years and 75.5 years, respectively, of whom 236 (67.4%) were female. Of the cases with age-related macular degeneration, 159 (45.4%) had age-related macular degeneration in their left eyes, 154 (44.0%) in their right eyes, and 138 (39.4%) in both eyes. Of the cases with age-related macular degeneration in their left eyes, 47.8% had the dry type, 40.3% had the wet type, and the type was unknown for 11.9%. The comparable figures for right eyes were: 51.9%, 34.4%, and 13.7%, respectively. The main effects model was dominated by higher sunlight exposure (OR [odds ratio]: 3.3) and a family history of age-related macular degeneration (OR: 4.3). Other factors included hypertension (OR: 2.1), smoking (OR: 2.2), and being of the Mestizo race, which lowered the risk of age-related macular degeneration (OR: 0.40). Red meat/fish consumption, body mass index, and iris color did not have an effect. Higher age was associated with progression to more severe age-related macular degeneration. Conclusion: Sunlight exposure, family history of age-related macular degenera tion, and an older age were the significant risk factors. There may be other variables, as the risk was not explained very well by the existing factors. A larger sample may produce different and better results.

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Enteral Docosahexaenoic Acid and Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Bernabe‐García

Villegas-Silva

Villavicencio-Torres

et al. 2019

J Parenter Enteral Nutr

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38Background and Aim: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a disorder of the retina of low-39 birth-weight preterm infants that potentially leads to blindness. Docosahexaenoic acid 40 (DHA), a component of fish oil, is protective in experimental models. Administration of 41 fish oil as part of parenteral nutrition has shown inconsistent results. We aimed to test the 42 effect of enteral DHA to prevent ROP development and/or severity, and to reduce hospital 43 stay. 44 Methods: This was a double-blind, parallel clinical-trial. Preterm infants (n = 110; 55 per 45 group) with birth weight <1500g but >1000g were recruited in a level 3 NICU. Infants were 46 randomized to receive 75 mg of DHA/kg/day (DHA-group) or high oleic sunflower oil 47 (control-group) for 14 days by enteral feeding. The effect of DHA was evaluated on any 48 stage of ROP, severe ROP (stage ≥3) incidence, and hospital stay. Groups were compared 49 with relative risk and 95% CI, Fisher's Exact, Student's t or Mann-Whitney U tests, as 50 appropriate. Logistic regression was applied to adjust for confounders.51Results: There was no difference between the DHA and control groups in ROP risk (RR for 52 DHA= 0.79; 95% CI, 0.49-1.27, P= 0.33). However, patients who received DHA showed 53 lower risk for stage 3 ROP than controls (RR for DHA= 0.66; 95% CI, 0.44-0.99, P= 0.03). 54After adjusting for confounders, enteral DHA decreased the risk of stage 3 ROP (OR adj. = 55 0.10; 95% CI, 0.011-0.886; P= 0.04). Hospital stay was not different between groups. 56Conclusion: Enteral DHA may reduce the incidence of stage 3 ROP. 57 58

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Causes of Blindness and Visual Impairment in Latin America

Cited by 109 publications

References 199 publications

Prevalence and causes of blindness in an urban area of Paraguay

Prevalence and causes of blindness in an urban area of Paraguay

Risk factors of age-related macular degeneration in Argentina

Enteral Docosahexaenoic Acid and Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Randomized Clinical Trial

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