Causes for the reversal of North Indian Ocean decadal sea level trend in recent two decades

Srinivasu, U.; Ravichandran, M.; Han, Weiqing; Sanikommu, Sivareddy; Rahman, H.; Li, Yuanlong; Nayak, Shailesh

doi:10.1007/s00382-017-3551-y

Cited by 37 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…However, the heat advection across the northern boundary may play an opposing role (Figure S8). The heat advection across the northern boundary decreased, carrying less warm water southward into the SIO (Figures g and S5c and S5d), because of the subdued Ekman transport associated with the weakened monsoon winds over the North Indian Ocean (Srinivasu et al, ; Thompson et al, ). The heat advection across the southern boundary also has a cooling contribution, with increased poleward heat transport, caused by the broadened AC and intensified LC (Figures g and S6c and S6d; Beal & Elipot, ; Feng et al, ).…”

Section: Heat Budget Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lee et al () proposed that rapid increase in the top 700 m Indian Ocean heat content accounted for more than 70% of the global ocean upper‐700 m heat content gain during 2003–2012. On the other hand, changes in the upper‐700 m heat content of the Northern Indian Ocean are primarily attributed to changes in meridional heat transport across 5°S (Srinivasu et al, ; Thompson et al, ). The impacts of the ITF on heat content are speculated to be limited to the SIO (Srinivasu et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, changes in the upper‐700 m heat content of the Northern Indian Ocean are primarily attributed to changes in meridional heat transport across 5°S (Srinivasu et al, ; Thompson et al, ). The impacts of the ITF on heat content are speculated to be limited to the SIO (Srinivasu et al, ). The present study uses numerical simulations from an energy and momentum conserving data‐assimilating model to study the decadal changes in temperature of the upper‐700 m SIO and to quantify the relative importance of ITF transport and air‐sea heat exchange on the SIO heat budget on decadal timescales.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strengthened Indonesian Throughflow Drives Decadal Warming in the Southern Indian Ocean

Zhang

Feng

et al. 2018

Geophysical Research Letters

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Remarkable warming of the Southern Indian Ocean during the recent two decades is assessed using a heat budget analysis based on the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean version 4 release 3 model results. The annual mean temperature averaged in the upper‐700 m Southern Indian Ocean during 1998–2015 has experienced significant warming at a rate of 1.03 × 10−2 °C/year. A heat budget analysis indicates that the increase is mostly driven by decreased cooling from net air‐sea heat flux and increased warming from heat advection. Increased Indonesian Throughflow advection is the largest contributor to warming the upper 700 m of the Southern Indian Ocean, while the reduction of surface turbulent heat flux is of secondary importance. These results expand our understanding of the decadal heat balance in the Indian Ocean and of Indo‐Pacific decadal climate variability.

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Section: Heat Budget Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strengthened Indonesian Throughflow Drives Decadal Warming in the Southern Indian Ocean

Zhang

Feng

et al. 2018

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…Overlying the multi-decadal trend, satellite observations show large decadal variations of basin-wide sea level patterns in recent decades, with reversing trends between 1993-2000 and 2000-2006 [18]. Over the North IO, the sea level experienced basin-wide falls from 1993-2003 but sharp rises from 2004-2013 [19,20]. Both observational analyses and OGCM experiments suggest that the surface wind over the IO is the primary cause for the observed decadal sea level variability [19][20][21][22], with the ITF making significant contributions primarily in the southeast tropical IO [21,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Decadal Trend and Decadal Variability of the Regional Sea Level over the Indian Ocean since the 1960s: Roles of Climate Modes and External Forcing

Han

Stammer

Meehl

et al. 2018

Climate

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Previous studies suggest that anthropogenic warming has affected the multi-decadal trend patterns of sea level over the Indian Ocean (IO). This effect, however, has not been quantified. Using observational datasets combined with large ensemble experiments from two climate models, this paper assesses the effects of natural internal variability versus external forcing on the observed, multi-decadal trend pattern and the decadal sea level anomaly (SLA) of the IO since the 1960s. Because the global mean sea level rise (SLR), which results largely from external forcing, has been removed before the examination, the paper focuses on the regionally uneven distribution of trend and SLA. The impacts of climate modes are quantified using a Bayesian Dynamic Linear Model. For the regional trend pattern of 1958-2005, the effects of internal variability dominate external forcing. Over the Seychelles area where sea-level variations obtain the maximum, internal variability (external forcing) contributes 81% (19 ± 2.4%) of the observed trend. For decadal SLA, internal variability is the predominant cause, with a standard deviation (STD) ratio of externally forced/observed SLA being 18 ± 17% over Seychelles and 17 ± 11% near the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) area. Climate modes account for most observed SLA during boreal winter, with the total effects of decadal ENSO, Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), and monsoon accounting for 78-86% of the observed STD near the Seychelles region, ITF area, and coasts of Sumatra and the Bay of Bengal. During summer, climate modes explain 95% of observed STD near the ITF but only 58-67% in other regions. Decadal ENSO dominates the SLA in the south tropical IO for both seasons and near the coasts of Sumatra and the Bay during winter. Decadal IOD and monsoon, however, control the coastal SLA during summer. Remote and local winds over the IO are the main drivers for decadal SLA, while the Pacific influence via the ITF is strong mainly in the southeast basin.

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“…Nidheesh et al (2017) further showed the decadal variability in the CMIP5 simulations. Srinivasu et al (2017) also discussed the decadal sea level variability in the recent decades and attributed it to decadal changes in winds. However none of the previous studies explored the coherent Indian Ocean sea level variability with IOD, El Niño and during co-occurrence years using OGCM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The interannual sea level variability in the Indian Ocean as simulated by an Ocean General Circulation Model

Deepa

Gnanaseelan

Kakatkar

et al. 2017

Intl Journal of Climatology

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The study finds that co‐occurrence years (years when IOD and El Niño events co‐occur) contribute significantly towards the interannual variability in the Indian Ocean. Carefully designed Ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM) captured the observed variability. The OGCM experiments are carried out by modulating the forcing fields over the Pacific and the Indian Ocean to understand the physical mechanisms causing sea level variability in the Indian Ocean. Decadal variability in the ENSO is primarily contributing to the decadal variability in the Indian Ocean sea level.

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Causes for the reversal of North Indian Ocean decadal sea level trend in recent two decades

Cited by 37 publications

References 61 publications

Strengthened Indonesian Throughflow Drives Decadal Warming in the Southern Indian Ocean

Strengthened Indonesian Throughflow Drives Decadal Warming in the Southern Indian Ocean

Multi-Decadal Trend and Decadal Variability of the Regional Sea Level over the Indian Ocean since the 1960s: Roles of Climate Modes and External Forcing

The interannual sea level variability in the Indian Ocean as simulated by an Ocean General Circulation Model

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