Causes and Long-Term Consequences of Premature and Early Menopause on the Women Health

Abstract

To review and summarize current affirmation on the women health consequences of premature and early menopause.We reviewed existing literature and combined results from cohort study of hysterectomy and primary ovarian insufficiency.Premature and early menopause may be either spontaneous or induced by other factors. Women who experience premature menopause (before age 40 years) or early menopause (between ages 40 and 45 years) experience an increased risk of overall mortality, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disease, psychiatric diseases, osteoporosis, and any other abnormality. The risk of adverse outcomes increases with earlier age at the time of menopause. Anyhow of the cause, women who experience hormonal menopause and estrogen deficiency before reaching the median age of natural menopause are at increased risk for morbidity and mortality. Estrogen treatment should be considered for these women, but may not eliminate all of the adverse outcomes.