Causes and implications of groundwater depletion in India: A review

Dangar, Swarup; Asoka, Akarsh; Mishra, Vimal

doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126103

Cited by 135 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 213 publications

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“…For instance, aquifers in the Indo‐Gangetic plain are rapidly losing water and fall among the most stressed aquifers in the world (Gleeson et al., 2012). In addition to the rapid decline in groundwater primarily due to pumping for irrigation in north India (Asoka et al., 2017; Rodell et al., 2009), there have been substantial changes in the amount and characteristics of the summer monsoon rainfall (Asoka et al., 2018; Dangar et al., 2021). Sustainable water management is critical for future food and freshwater security in one of the most densely populated regions of the world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Water Savings and Reduction in Moist Heat Stress Caused by Efficient Irrigation

Ambika

Mishra

2022

Earth's Future

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Intensive agriculture and irrigation play a crucial role in the food security of India. However, irrigation has considerably impacted regional climate and groundwater sustainability. Notwithstanding the profound implications of irrigation on dry and moist heat and groundwater depletion, the role of efficient irrigation on moist heat stress reduction and water savings remains unexplored. Here, we use observations and simulations from the Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model to examine the impact of efficient (drip) irrigation on moist heat stress and water savings over the Indo‐Gangetic Plain. Irrigated area has increased more than 20% over the Indo‐Gangetic Plain during the 1970–2005 period. As a result, irrigation water use has increased dramatically over the region. The irrigation expansion partly contributed to the rise of 0.46°C (P‐value < 0.05) in the summer (April–May) season wet‐bulb temperature over the Indo‐Gangetic Plain, which is a measure of moist heat stress. The Indo‐Gangetic plain exhibited a strong land‐atmospheric coupling between soil moisture and dry and moist heat. WRF simulations conducted using ERA5 as boundary conditions show that switching from the conventional (channel) to the efficient (drip) irrigation leads to a moderate warming (∼0.2°C) and a significant decrease in specific humidity over the Indo‐Gangetic Plain. The reduction in specific humidity due to efficient irrigation significantly lowers the moist heat stress (wet‐bulb temperature) and increases water savings. Our findings show the double benefits of efficient irrigation to curb the rapidly declining groundwater and increase moist heat stress in the region.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Water Savings and Reduction in Moist Heat Stress Caused by Efficient Irrigation

Ambika

Mishra

2022

Earth's Future

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“…There are various methodologies involved in evaluating groundwater reserves, as described in previous sections. GRACE data are mainly used for this purpose; however, due to issues of local scale uncertainties in the estimations, various authors have preferred water-balance equation-based approaches [36,37]. The water equation is based on the assessment of groundwater hydrology equations, and involves the assessment of the topography of the area, geomorphological conditions, climate variations, rainfall distributions, drainage characteristics, and hydrogeological characteristics [38][39][40].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Groundwater Reserves of the Udaipur District, Aravalli Range, India, Using Geospatial Techniques

Shyam

Meraj

Kanga

et al. 2022

Water

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Population increase has placed ever-increasing demands on the available groundwater (GW) resources, particularly for intensive agricultural activities. In India, groundwater is the backbone of agriculture and drinking purposes. In the present study, an assessment of groundwater reserves was carried out in the Udaipur district, Aravalli range, India. It was observed that the principal aquifer for the availability of groundwater in the studied area is quartzite, phyllite, gneisses, schist, and dolomitic marble, which occur in unconfined to semi-confined zones. Furthermore, all primary chemical ingredients were found within the permissible limit, including granum. We also found that the average annual rainfall days in a year in the study area was 30 from 1957 to 2020, and it has been found that there are chances to receive surplus rainfall once in every five deficit rainfall years. Using integrated remote sensing, GIS, and a field-based spatial modeling approach, it was found that the dynamic GW reserves of the area are 637.42 mcm/annum, and the total groundwater draft is 639.67 mcm/annum. The deficit GW reserves are 2.25 mcm/annum from an average rainfall of 627 mm, hence the stage of groundwater development is 100.67% and categorized as over-exploited. However, as per the relationship between reserves and rainfall events, surplus reserves are available when rainfall exceeds 700 mm. We conclude that enough static GW reserves are available in the studied area to sustain the requirements of the drought period. For the long-term sustainability of groundwater use, controlling groundwater abstraction by optimizing its use, managing it properly through techniques such as sprinkler and drip irrigation, and achieving more crop-per-drop schemes, will go a long way to conserving this essential reserve, and create maximum groundwater recharge structures.

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“…In many regions of the nation, such a scenario generally results in a decrease in the groundwater table. Furthermore, India's groundwater generation rate is approximately 50% [9][10][11][12][13]. The Central Groundwater Board (CGWB, 2014) has compiled a list of all of the blocks in the Malda district of West Bengal, India, where groundwater production is found to be semi-critical to critical.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Hybrid Model for Developing Groundwater Potentiality Model Using High Resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Derived Factors

Mallick

Talukdar

Kahla

et al. 2021

Water

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The present work aims to build a unique hybrid model by combining six fuzzy operator feature selection-based techniques with logistic regression (LR) for producing groundwater potential models (GPMs) utilising high resolution DEM-derived parameters in Saudi Arabia’s Bisha area. The current work focuses exclusively on the influence of DEM-derived parameters on GPMs modelling, without considering other variables. AND, OR, GAMMA 0.75, GAMMA 0.8, GAMMA 0.85, and GAMMA 0.9 are six hybrid models based on fuzzy feature selection. The GPMs were validated by using empirical and binormal receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC). An RF-based sensitivity analysis was performed in order to examine the influence of GPM settings. Six hybrid algorithms and one unique hybrid model have predicted 1835–2149 km2 as very high and 3235–4585 km2 as high groundwater potential regions. The AND model (ROCe-AUC: 0.81; ROCb-AUC: 0.804) outperformed the other models based on ROC’s area under curve (AUC). A novel hybrid model was constructed by combining six GPMs (considering as variables) with the LR model. The AUC of ROCe and ROCb revealed that the novel hybrid model outperformed existing fuzzy-based GPMs (ROCe: 0.866; ROCb: 0.892). With DEM-derived parameters, the present work will help to improve the effectiveness of GPMs for developing sustainable groundwater management plans.

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Causes and implications of groundwater depletion in India: A review

Cited by 135 publications

References 213 publications

Improved Water Savings and Reduction in Moist Heat Stress Caused by Efficient Irrigation

Improved Water Savings and Reduction in Moist Heat Stress Caused by Efficient Irrigation

Assessing the Groundwater Reserves of the Udaipur District, Aravalli Range, India, Using Geospatial Techniques

A Novel Hybrid Model for Developing Groundwater Potentiality Model Using High Resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Derived Factors

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