Causes and Effects of the European Monetary Crises of 1992–93*

Discipline or international balance: the choice of monetary systems in Europe

“…Still a week before the outbreak of an attack on the Finnish markka in September 1992, the IMF did not see any warning in the sky(Eichengreen 2003, 229). For a survey of the early literature on "the Crises of 1992-93", seeCobham 2008.…”

Discipline or External Balance? The Choice of International Monetary Systems in Europe

“…Still a week before the outbreak with an attack on the Finnish markka in September 1992, IMF did not see any warning in the sky(Eichengreen 2003: 229). For a survey of the early literature on "the Crises of 1992-93", seeCobham 1996.…”

A portfolio balance approach to Euro-area money demand in a time-varying environment

“…Beginning in 1988, there were no realignments in the EMS until the crisis of 1992. This period of fixed central rates has been called the -new EMS‖(Cobham, 1996). References to the EMS should be taken to refer to the currencies participating in the exchange-rate mechanism (ERM) of the EMS.…”