“…Specific mutations lead inevitably to familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD; Lacour et al, 2019;Wong et al, 2020), and gene polymorphisms are associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD; Morelli et al, 1996;Casadei et al, 1999;Dursun et al, 2008;Du et al, 2016;Zuin et al, 2020), the most common form of AD. Some risk factors such as age, education, apolipoprotein ε4 (ApoE-4), hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, smoking, and head trauma have been identified, but none is necessary or sufficient to cause AD (Devanand et al, 2013;Guimas Almeida et al, 2018;Takahashi et al, 2018).…”