Causative Mechanisms of Childhood and Adolescent Obesity Leading to Adult Cardiometabolic Disease: A Literature Review

Negrea, Mihai Octavian; Neamţu, Bogdan; Dobrotă, Ioana; Șofariu, Ciprian Radu; Crisan, Roxana Mihaela; Ciprian, Bacila Ionut; Domnariu, Carmen Daniela; Teodoru, M

doi:10.3390/app112311565

Cited by 11 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 314 publications

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“…The reason for the high VAI cut-off points and the lower sensitivity/specificity values determined in our study may be due to the selection of the sample from the age group close to the pubertal period, as well as the differences in the distribution of adipose tissue in children with obesity. In a systematic review, it has been reported that the distribution of visceral adipose tissue in children and adolescents is associated with factors such as genetics, ethnicity, gender, age, developmental level, and puberty [ 29 ]. Therefore, these factors should be considered when evaluating predictors of cardiometabolic risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the ability of HOMA-IR, VAI, and TyG indexes to predict metabolic syndrome in children with obesity: a cross-sectional study

2023

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Background The increasing trend in childhood obesity needs to be closely monitored and intervened due to long-term health issues such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. We aimed to determine and compare the cut-off values for the visceral adiposity index (VAI), triglyceride-glucose index (TyG), and HOMA-IR for predicting metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in May 2019 in Samsun, Turkey. The study included 169 children with obesity aged 9 and 10 years. After anthropometric and clinical evaluation, fasting blood samples were collected from the children. The areas under the curve of the visceral adiposity index, triglyceride-glucose index, and HOMA-IR were compared by receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) analysis in predicting the MetS. Results The total prevalence of MetS was 21.3% in children with obesity, and it was two times higher in girls than in boys. The mean values of TyG and VAI were significantly different in those who have and have not MetS in both genders. However, the HOMA-IR index was higher only in girls with MetS and did not differ in boys by having MetS. The VAI and the TyG index both had statistically significant cut-off values in both sexes and a larger ROC area than the HOMA-IR index in predicting MetS. Conclusions The VAI and TyG index are effective indicators in assessing the MetS risk in children with obesity. Both indexes can be considered useful tools in pediatric research and the evaluation of interventions. However, the HOMA-IR index formula needs to be developed taking into account age, gender, and ethnicity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the ability of HOMA-IR, VAI, and TyG indexes to predict metabolic syndrome in children with obesity: a cross-sectional study

2023

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“…BMI does not always reflect an increase in fat mass at adiposity rebound or at early puberty [8 && ]. Thus, identifying each of the components of body composition is of great importance as excess adipose tissue is associated with a predisposition to health conditions in adulthood, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus [9], also having an impact on quality of life, productivity, and life expectancy [10] ], these include anthropometric measurements, bioimpedance analysis (BIA), air displacement plethysmography (ADP), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), computed tomography (CT), and MRI, among others. However, each of these methods has advantages and disadvantages (Table 1).…”

Section: Diagnosis and Monitoring Of Excess Adiposity In Children And...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, several anthropometric indicators have been described that provide information on the disposition of body fat at different body locations, namely, waist circumference [19], neck circumference [20], waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) [19,21], waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) [19], and A Body Shape Index [ABSI ¼ WC/(BMI 2/3 Â height 1/2 ) [22]. Other techniques offer specific information on the distribution of both VAT and SAT and measurements of localized fat deposits (Table 1) [9].…”

Section: Diagnosis and Monitoring Of Excess Adiposity In Children And...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the timing of gestational weight gain influences the future health of the offspring: significant gestational weight gain in the first and second trimesters but not in the third trimester, is associated with higher BMI and adiposity at birth [28]. This significant excess weight gain during pregnancy is related to an altered balance between energy intake and expenditure because of high intake of refined sugars and an inadequate distribution of polyunsaturated fatty acids (high omega-6 content fatty acids and low intake of omega-3 fatty acids), accompanied by insufficient physical activity levels during pregnancy [9].…”

Section: Maternal Weight Gain During Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…BMI does not always reflect an increase in fat mass at adiposity rebound or at early puberty [8 ▪▪ ]. Thus, identifying each of the components of body composition is of great importance as excess adipose tissue is associated with a predisposition to health conditions in adulthood, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus [9], also having an impact on quality of life, productivity, and life expectancy [10]. On the other hand, low FFM contributes to adverse health outcomes in childhood, such as insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, metabolic syndrome [11 ▪ ], and reduced bone parameters [12 ▪▪ ].…”

Section: Diagnosis and Monitoring Of Excess Adiposity In Children And...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predicting of excess body fat in children

Córdoba-Rodríguez

Rodrı́guez

Moreno

2022

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition &Amp; Metabolic Care

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Purpose of reviewApproximately 370 million children and adolescents worldwide showed overweight or obesity in 2016. The risk of developing severe comorbidities depends on the age of onset and the duration of obesity. This review discusses available methodologies to detect excess body fat in children as well as the early life factors that predict excess body fat and its development.Recent findingsFactors, such as parental nutritional status, maternal weight gain during pregnancy, maternal malnutrition, maternal smoking during pregnancy, low and high birth weight, rapid weight gain, and short infant sleep duration have been independently and positively associated with neonatal, infant, and children adiposity. Early detection of excess body fat in children through the use of various tools is the first step in preventing nutrition-related diseases in adulthood.SummaryThe early detection of excess body fat and the implementation of efficient interventions to normalize the weight of children and adolescents at obesity risk are essential to prevent diseases in adult life.

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Referral to Adolescent Weight Management Interventions: Qualitative Perspectives From Providers

Darling,

Warnick,

Guthrie

et al. 2023

Journal of Pediatric Psychology

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Objective Current guidelines for treatment of obesity in adolescence include screening and referring youth with obesity to appropriate weight management (WM) care. However, prior work has not explored the referral process to adolescent WM programs, especially for youth from lower-income backgrounds, who are at increased risk of obesity and related negative health outcomes. This qualitative study sought to understand pediatricians’ current practices regarding referrals to adolescent WM interventions with a focus on adolescents from lower-income backgrounds. Methods Individual interviews were conducted with 11 medical providers that had referred at least 5 adolescents from low-income backgrounds to WM interventions. Applied thematic analysis was used for data analysis. Results Identified themes included weight-related discussions with adolescents as potentially fraught, as providers want to address weight-related health concerns while being thoughtful about potential harm. Providers also noted varied factors affecting their decision to refer to WM programs, including health implications, perceived motivation of the patient and family, and availability of programs. Providers identified that many families experience shame or guilt around referral to WM. Few themes were identified regarding impact of income on weight-related conversations with adolescents. Conclusion Findings were novel in regard to discussions of weight in adolescents with obesity leading to WM referral. Despite being a primary focus of the present study, few themes were identified regarding specific considerations for adolescents from low-income backgrounds. Future clinical research should focus on provider-focused interventions to increase sensitivity regarding weight-related discussions and attention to diversity, equity, and inclusion.

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Causative Mechanisms of Childhood and Adolescent Obesity Leading to Adult Cardiometabolic Disease: A Literature Review

Cited by 11 publications

References 314 publications

Comparison of the ability of HOMA-IR, VAI, and TyG indexes to predict metabolic syndrome in children with obesity: a cross-sectional study

Comparison of the ability of HOMA-IR, VAI, and TyG indexes to predict metabolic syndrome in children with obesity: a cross-sectional study

Predicting of excess body fat in children

Referral to Adolescent Weight Management Interventions: Qualitative Perspectives From Providers

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