Causalgia and reflex sympathetic dystrophy: Does the sympathetic nervous system contribute to the generation of pain?

Baron, Ralf; Levine, Jon D.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(199906)22:6<678::aid-mus4>3.0.co;2-p

Cited by 195 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 156 publications

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“…Regional (e.g., limb) pain together with edema, cutaneous blood flow and sweating abnormalities 46 • "Coupling" of sympathetic neurons with injured sensory neurons at peripheral neuroma sites or dorsal root ganglion sites of injured afferent nerves development of noradrenergic sensitivity following nerve injury • Pain, allodynia, hyperalgesia, edema, cutaneous blood flow and sweating abnormalities 47 Postsurgical neuropathic pain (surgical procedure)…”

Section: Nmda Antagonistsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropathic pain: a practical guide for the clinician

Gilron

Watson²,

Cahill³

et al. 2006

Canadian Medical Association Journal

377

283

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Section: Nmda Antagonistsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropathic pain: a practical guide for the clinician

Gilron

Watson²,

Cahill³

et al. 2006

Canadian Medical Association Journal

377

283

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“…Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) and causalgia have recently been controversially reclassified as complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) I and II, respectively (8). While the CRPS I and II terminology will be followed here, the reader should be clear that RSD and causalgia are the syndromes discussed.…”

Section: Clinical Correlations: Complex Regional Pain Syndromes (Causmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond Neurons: Evidence That Immune and Glial Cells Contribute to Pathological Pain States

Watkins

Maier

2002

Physiological Reviews

653

433

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Chronic pain can occur after peripheral nerve injury, infection, or inflammation. Under such neuropathic pain conditions, sensory processing in the affected body region becomes grossly abnormal. Despite decades of research, currently available drugs largely fail to control such pain. This review explores the possibility that the reason for this failure lies in the fact that such drugs were designed to target neurons rather than immune or glial cells. It describes how immune cells are a natural and inextricable part of skin, peripheral nerves, dorsal root ganglia, and spinal cord. It then examines how immune and glial activation may participate in the etiology and symptomatology of diverse pathological pain states in both humans and laboratory animals. Of the variety of substances released by activated immune and glial cells, proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, interleukin-6) appear to be of special importance in the creation of peripheral nerve and neuronal hyperexcitability. Although this review focuses on immune modulation of pain, the implications are pervasive. Indeed, all nerves and neurons regardless of modality or function are likely affected by immune and glial activation in the ways described for pain.

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“…37 ). The most typical example of such pain is Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) of both types, which is known to have a relatively high likelihood of responding to SCS.…”

Section: Pain With Dysautonomiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Mode of Action of Spinal Cord Stimulation in Neuropathic Pain

Meyerson

Linderoth

2006

Journal of Pain and Symptom Management

141

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Spinal cord stimulation emerged as a spin-off from the classical gate-control theory, which, however, does not suffice to explain its clinical effects. Whether or not nociceptive forms of pain may be attenuated remains a controversial issue. Previous experimental studies aiming at elucidating the underlying mechanisms were performed on intact, anesthetized animals and were therefore of limited clinical relevance.

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Causalgia and reflex sympathetic dystrophy: Does the sympathetic nervous system contribute to the generation of pain?

Cited by 195 publications

References 156 publications

Neuropathic pain: a practical guide for the clinician

Neuropathic pain: a practical guide for the clinician

Beyond Neurons: Evidence That Immune and Glial Cells Contribute to Pathological Pain States

Mode of Action of Spinal Cord Stimulation in Neuropathic Pain

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