“…Granger causality and its extensions, along with the alternative causality measures that have been developed afterwards, are vastly used in different applications. Among others, causality measures are utilized in financial applications, e.g., for the examination of the relation of stock markets [ 175 , 176 ], in neuroscience, e.g., for the analysis of brain structures and physiological time series [ 150 , 169 , 177 ], in seismology, e.g., for the analysis of earthquake data [ 178 ], in geoscience, e.g., for the discovery of weather and vegetation conditions on global wildfire [ 179 ], in meteorology, e.g., for modeling the air quality [ 180 , 181 ], and in epidemiology [ 182 , 183 ].…”