Causal Associations of Obesity With Achilles Tendinopathy: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study

Abstract

BackgroundAchilles tendinopathy (AT) is associated with severe pain and is the cause of dysfunction and disability that are associated with significant reduction in social and economic benefits. Several potential risk factors have been proposed to be responsible for AT development; however, the results of observational epidemiological studies remain controversial, presumably because the designs of these studies are subject to residual confounding and reverse causality. Mendelian randomization (MR) can infer the causality between exposure and disease outcomes using genetic variants as instrumental variables, and identification of the causal risk factors for AT is beneficial for early intervention. Thus, we employed the MR strategy to evaluate the causal associations between previously reported risk factors (anthropometric parameters, lifestyle factors, blood biomarkers, and systemic diseases) and the risk of AT.MethodsUnivariable MR was performed to screen for potential causal associations between the putative risk factors and AT. Bidirectional MR was used to infer reverse causality. Multivariable MR was conducted to investigate the body mass index (BMI)-independent causal effect of other obesity-related traits, such as the waist-hip ratio, on AT.ResultsUnivariable MR analyses with the inverse-variance weighted method indicated that the genetically predicted BMI was significantly associated with the risk of AT (P=2.0×10-3), and the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) is 1.44 (1.14−1.81) per 1-SD increase in BMI. For the other tested risk factors, no causality with AT was identified using any of the MR methods. Bidirectional MR suggested that AT was not causally associated with BMI, and multivariable MR indicated that other anthropometric parameters included in this study were not likely to causally associate with the risk of AT after adjusting for BMI.ConclusionsThe causal association between BMI and AT risk suggests that weight control is a promising strategy for preventing AT and alleviating the corresponding disease burden.

Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Roles of Fascial Hyaluronan in Obesity-Related Myofascial Disease

“…The inflammatory milieu in obesity underlies the pathophysiology of several associated complications, including the development of fasciopathies and tendinopathies [ 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 ]. The array of proinflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, adipokines (e.g., leptins), lipocalin-1, serum amyloid A-3, and adiponectin released during the development of obesity-related chronic inflammatory phenotypes promote insulin resistance by altering the extracellular matrix, the capillary network architecture, and the glucose uptake mechanisms [ 102 ].…”