Caudal Additives in Pediatrics: A Comparison Among Midazolam, Ketamine, and Neostigmine Coadministered with Bupivacaine

Abstract

Single-shot "kiddie caudal" with bupivacaine alone is losing popularity because of its duration of 4-8 h. In a prospective randomized double-blind clinical study, we assessed and compared the efficacy of ketamine, midazolam, and neostigmine coadministered with bupivacaine in a caudal epidural to provide intraoperative and postoperative pain relief. Eighty children (ASA status I) aged 5-10 yr undergoing unilateral inguinal herniotomy were allocated randomly in equal numbers (n = 20) into 4 groups to receive a caudal injection of 0.25% bupivacaine (1 mL/kg) with or without ketamine (0.5 mg/kg), midazolam (50 microg/kg), and neostig-mine (2 microg/kg), after the induction of standardized general anesthesia without premedication. Monitoring for pain, sedation, postoperative nausea/vomiting, dizziness, and pruritus was performed by anesthesiologists blinded to the study allocation. The time to first analgesic administration (paracetamol syrup) was longer (P < 0.05) in the bupivacaine-neostigmine group and the bupivacaine-midazolam group than in the other groups. Undesirable effects, such as emesis, pruritus, and dizziness, were comparable in all groups. However, the incidence of hallucination was more frequent in the bupivacaine-ketamine group compared with the other groups. This study shows that single-shot caudal coadministration of bupivacaine-neostigmine and bupivacaine-midazolam was associated with an extended duration of postoperative pain relief.

Effect of dexmedetomidine on the characteristics of bupivacaine in a caudal block in pediatrics

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Caudal Analgesia in Paediatrics: Comparison Between Bupivacaine Alone and in Combination With Ketamine for Postoperative Analgesia in Gvmc, Vellore

“…AK Pan 20,22 et al found no significant changes in the mean respiratory rate and oxygen saturation in all the groups.…”

Levobupivacaine versus racemic bupivacaine: a comparative study on spinal anaesthesia in lower limb surgeries

“…[6][7][8] Levobupivacaine and racemic bupivacaine show equally effective potencies for spinal anaesthesia with regard to time of onset, duration of motor and sensory block, and haemodynamic changes produced after any form of bupivacaine. Intrathecal levobupivacaine in general is a safer and more reliable local anaesthetic for lower limb surgeries.…”