Cattle use of off-stream water developments across a northeastern Oregon landscape

Abstract

Water developments have been considered a fundamental tool for dispersing livestock and reducing livestock impact on riparian and aquatic habitats associated with perennial streams. Quantifying the efficacy of water developments has been difficult because of the need to continuously monitor water sources for the timing and intensity of use. The advent of global positioning system (GPS) tracking technology has largely overcome this hurdle and presented new research opportunities. We conducted a five-year study to quantify and evaluate the relative use of existing water developments by cattle on three extensive study areas in northeastern Oregon, United States. Ten randomly selected beef cows from herds grazing each study area were fitted with GPS collars recording animal positions at five-minute intervals throughout the grazing season. Cattle occupancy in 60 m (196.9 ft) buffers around water developments was determined monthly and annually. Use of water developments was contrasted with that of riparian zones. Cattle use of water developments varied substantially from site-to-site, month-to-month, and year-to-year. In some months, cattle watered exclusively from off-stream developments, and in others, cattle watered nearly exclusively from streams. Substantial differences in the relative use of individual water developments were also seen by season and year. Some developments received no use at all during the five-year study while others were visited frequently. Our results suggest off-stream water development is a useful managerial strategy, but careful placement is required to improve the likelihood that cattle will find and use these water sources and thus decrease their dependence and use of permanent streams and associated riparian areas. Key words: cattle riparian use-livestock water placement-off-stream water developmentsDevelopment of wells, reservoirs, springs, and seeps to control livestock distribution has been a primary focus of the rangeland management profession since its inception (Stoddart and Smith 1943; Sampson 1952; Williams 1954). Lack of available drinking water sources restricts the extent of landscape use by livestock (Bailey et al. 1996;Vallentine 2001). Establishment of new water sources at strategic locations can disperse cattle into areas where forages were previously under-utilized (Heady and Child 1994;Ganskopp 2001). Water development can thus simultaneously reduce daily travel distances and improve foraging efficiency of livestock (Valentine 1947). Development of off-stream water sources can also aid in making other tools (e.g., range riding and tree/brush control) for livestock distribution management more effective (Williams 1954; Clark et al. 2014). Water development may also reduce livestock use and consequent impacts on riparian areas, aquatic habitats, and stream water quality (Gillen et al. 1984;Vallentine 2001).Concentrated livestock use can damage riparian vegetation, stream banks, and channel morphology (Skovlin 1984;Kauffman et al. 1983aKauffman et al. , 1983bBe...

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