Cattle, sheep and pigs vaccinated against foot and mouth disease: does trade in these animals and their products present a risk of transmitting the disease?

Garland, A. J. M.; Clercq, Kris De

doi:10.20506/rst.30.1.2023

Cited by 20 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 67 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Although this transmission risk may be considered rare and is somewhat controversial, it is not demonstrably negligible and thus cannot be excluded [19,48]. The development of tools to combat viral persistence requires elucidation of the basic mechanisms underlying persistence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of persistent foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection in MDBK cells

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In addition to acute infection and disease, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) can cause persistent infection in ruminants. Such "carrier" animals represent a potential risk for FMDV transmission to susceptible animals. However, the mechanisms and the factors that determine FMDV persistence remain unknown. We describe here the establishment of FMDV type O persistent infection in a bovine epithelial cell line (Madin-Darby bovine kidney; MDBK). Preliminary experiments to assess the permissivity of MDBK cells to FMDV O infection revealed an unusual pattern of infection: after the initial phase of acute cell lysis, new monolayers formed within 48-72 h post-infection. We found that some cells survived cytolytic infection and subsequently regrew, thereby demonstrating that this bovine cell line can be persistently infected with FMDV type O. Further evidence that MDBK cells were persistently infected with FMDV includes: (i) detection of viral RNA in cells as well as in cell culture supernatants, (ii) detection of viral antigens in the cells by immunofluorescence analysis, and (iii) production of infectious viral particles for up to 36 cell passages. Furthermore, preliminary sequence analysis of persistent virus revealed a single nucleotide substitution within the VP1 coding region, resulting in the V50A amino acid substitution. This bovine model of FMDV persistence holds promise for the investigation of the viral and cellular molecular determinants that promote FMDV persistence.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of persistent foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection in MDBK cells

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The factors impacting the number of animals in a vaccinated population that develop the carrier status in the field have been discussed in the first article of this two‐part review (Barnett et al., ). In summary, these are as follows: (i) The number of animals already infected at the time of vaccination; (ii) The proximity of vaccination to time of exposure to FMDV; and (iii) The magnitude of the viral challenge (Schley et al., ; Garland and de Clercq, ). Exposure to a relatively small amount of FMDV contained on fomites is felt not to result in carriers (Sutmöller and Casas Olascoaga, ).…”

Section: What Risk Is Posed By Vaccinated Carriers In Vaccinate‐to‐limentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For sheep which generally lack clinical signs, the benefit of vaccination with respect to reducing carriers is less ambiguous dropping from 31% to near zero (Orsel, ). The longer the time between vaccination and challenge, the greater the immunity and the fewer the number of persistent carriers will result (Schley et al., ; Garland and de Clercq, ).…”

Section: What Risk Is Posed By Vaccinated Carriers In Vaccinate‐to‐limentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the very low theoretical prevalence of carriers in vaccinated populations and if transmission is considered pragmatically as an infrequent stochastic phenomenon, then rationally transmission by a vaccinated carrier is considerably lower (close to zero) independent of waiting period. Historically, in Europe and South America, thousands of vaccinated carriers must have been transported within and between countries without authenticated FMD outbreaks (Garland and de Clercq, ) without outbreaks.…”

Section: What Risk Is Posed By Vaccinated Carriers In Vaccinate‐to‐limentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A Review of OIE Country Status Recovery Using Vaccinate-to-Live Versus Vaccinate-to-Die Foot-and-Mouth Disease Response Policies II: Waiting Periods After Emergency Vaccination in FMD Free Countries

Geale

Barnett

Clarke

et al. 2013

Transbound Emerg Dis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

For countries with OIE status, FMD free country where vaccination is not practised, vaccinate-to-live policies have a significant economic disincentive as the trade restriction waiting period is double that of vaccinate-to-die policies. The disposal of healthy vaccinated animals strictly for the purpose of regaining markets with debatable scientific justification is a global concern. The feasibility of aligning the waiting periods to facilitate vaccinate-to-live is explored. The first article of this two-part review (Barnett et al., 2015) explored the qualities of higher potency Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) vaccines, performance of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) diagnostic assays particularly in vaccinates and carriers, as well as aspects of current limitations of post-outbreak surveillance. Here, the history behind the OIE waiting periods for FMD free status is reviewed as well as whether the risk of vaccinated animals and their subsequent products differ appreciably at 3 versus 6 months. It is concluded that alignment is feasible for vaccinate-to-live using higher potency FMD vaccines within the current OIE waiting period framework of 3 and 6 months blocks of time. These waiting periods reflect precedence, historical practicalities and considered expert opinion rather than a specific scientific rationale. The future lies in updated epidemiological and diagnostic technology to establish an acceptable level of statistical certainty for surveillance or target probability of freedom of FMDV (infection or circulation) not time restricted waiting periods. The OIE Terrestrial Code limits trade from a FMD free country where vaccination is not practiced to animal products and live non-vaccinated animals. The risk of FMDV in products derived from higher potency vaccinated animals is appreciably less than for countries with infected FMD status or even from a FMD free country where vaccination is practised for which the Code has Articles with guidelines for safe trade with time restrictions of 3 months or less. All these presume that key requirements in the implementation of emergency vaccination including appropriate vaccine match, vaccine application, susceptible population coverage, etc. are addressed.

show abstract

“…These persistently infected animals are referred to as FMDV carriers [13, 16] and earlier studies have estimated that the proportion of infected cattle that become carriers range from 50 to 65% [14, 17]. The role of carriers in disease transmission amongst cattle has been extensively debated [17–19]. Researchers have conducted numerous experimental studies, but have failed to detect transmission from carrier cattle to susceptible animals, while others have concluded that transmission from persistently infected cattle may occur to a very limited extent [20, 21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylodynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus O/PanAsia in Vietnam 2010–2014

Brito

Pauszek

Eschbaumer

et al. 2017

Vet Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is endemic in Vietnam, a country that plays an important role in livestock trade within Southeast Asia. The large populations of FMDV-susceptible species in Vietnam are important components of food production and of the national livelihood. In this study, we investigated the phylogeny of FMDV O/PanAsia in Vietnam, reconstructing the virus’ ancestral host species (pig, cattle or buffalo), clinical stage (subclinical carrier or clinically affected) and geographical location. Phylogenetic divergence time estimation and character state reconstruction analyses suggest that movement of viruses between species differ. While inferred transmissions from cattle to buffalo and pigs and from pigs to cattle are well supported, transmission from buffalo to other species, and from pigs to buffalo may be less frequent. Geographical movements of FMDV O/PanAsia virus appears to occur in all directions within the country, with the South Central Coast and the Northeast regions playing a more important role in FMDV O/PanAsia spread. Genetic selection of variants with changes at specific sites within FMDV VP1 coding region was different depending on host groups analyzed. The overall ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous nucleotide changes was greater in pigs compared to cattle and buffalo, whereas a higher number of individual amino acid sites under positive selection were detected in persistently infected, subclinical animals compared to viruses collected from clinically diseased animals. These results provide novel insights to understand FMDV evolution and its association with viral spread within endemic countries. These findings may support animal health organizations in their endeavor to design animal disease control strategies in response to outbreaks.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13567-017-0424-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

show abstract

Cattle, sheep and pigs vaccinated against foot and mouth disease: does trade in these animals and their products present a risk of transmitting the disease?

Cited by 20 publications

References 67 publications

Establishment of persistent foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection in MDBK cells

Establishment of persistent foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection in MDBK cells

A Review of OIE Country Status Recovery Using Vaccinate-to-Live Versus Vaccinate-to-Die Foot-and-Mouth Disease Response Policies II: Waiting Periods After Emergency Vaccination in FMD Free Countries

Phylodynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus O/PanAsia in Vietnam 2010–2014

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About