Cattle deaths during sea transport from Australia

Rt, Norris; Rb, Richards; Creeper, J.; Jubb, T. F.; Madin, Ben; Kerr, James

doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2003.tb11079.x

Cited by 31 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…34 Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an important cause of death in cattle exported live from Australia. 47,49 Morbidity and mortality due to BRD is the culmination of a combination of host, potential pathogen, and environmental risk factors. As the pathogens involved in fatal BRD on live export voyages from Australia are similar to those associated with BRD in feedlot cattle, 47 it is likely that the pathogenesis of BRD in these 2 cattle productions systems is similar.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of nasal shedding and seroprevalence of organisms known to be associated with bovine respiratory disease in Australian live export cattle

et al. 2014

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Abstract. The prevalence of organisms known to be associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was investigated in cattle prior to export. A quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay was used to detect nucleic acids from the following viruses and bacteria in nasal swab samples: Bovine coronavirus (BoCV; Betacoronavirus 1), Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1), Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), Bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3), Histophilus somni, Mycoplasma bovis, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Pasteurella multocida. Between 2010 and 2012, nasal swabs were collected from 1,484 apparently healthy cattle destined for export to the Middle East and Russian Federation. In addition, whole blood samples from 334 animals were tested for antibodies to BoHV-1, BRSV, BVDV-1, and BPIV-3 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The nasal prevalence of BoCV at the individual animal level was 40.1%. The nasal and seroprevalence of BoHV-1, BRSV, BVDV-1, and BPIV-3 was 1.0% and 39%, 1.2% and 46%, 3.0% and 56%, and 1.4% and 87%, respectively. The nasal prevalence of H. somni, M. bovis, M. haemolytica, and P. multocida was 42%, 4.8%, 13.4%, and 26%, respectively. Significant differences in nasal and seroprevalence were detected between groups of animals from different geographical locations. The results of the current study provide baseline data on the prevalence of organisms associated with BRD in Australian live export cattle in the preassembly period. This data could be used to develop strategies for BRD prevention and control prior to loading. Nasal shedding and seroprevalence of BRD in live export cattle 7 Export of Livestock, Standard 3, http://www.agriculture.gov. au/biosecurity/export/live-animals/advisory-notices/2011/ export_advisory_notice_2011-01). Time in the assembly depot allows the animals to recover from road transport, acclimatize to shipboard rations, and receive any health checks or treatments required by the importing country. However, comingling, handling, and sorting of animals that have been recently transported from multiple farms also provides an ideal environment for transmission of viruses and bacteria between animals in the assembly depot.Viruses implicated in the pathogenesis of BRD include Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1), Bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3), Bovine coronavirus (BoCV), bovine rhinoviruses, and bovine adenoviruses. Bovine rhinoviruses and adenoviruses probably have only a minimal role in the pathogenesis of BRD, while BoHV-1, BPIV-3, and BRSV are recognized as primary respiratory pathogens, and BVDV-1 as a significant predisposing pathogen (reviewed in previous publications 20,52 ). Since its first isolation in association with respiratory disease in 1993, 67 BoCV has received attention as an emerging BRD pathogen, and is now thought to make a substantial contribution to the development of BRD in feedlot cattle. 59,65Mannheimia haemo...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of nasal shedding and seroprevalence of organisms known to be associated with bovine respiratory disease in Australian live export cattle

et al. 2014

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“…Norris and Norman (2004) and Norris et al (2003) identified heat stress as a major cause of poor welfare and increased mortality of cattle transported by sea. More (2002) reported 28.5% mortality in unacclimatised cattle transported by sea from Australia to Saudi Arabia and presented convincing evidence to conclude that this could be attributed almost entirely to heat stress.…”

Section: Transport By Seamentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion Concerning the Welfare of Animals during Transport

2011

EFSA Journal

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The Scientific Opinion on the welfare of animals during transport reviewed the most recent scientific information concerning the main farm species. New scientific evidence and consequent conclusions and recommendations were arranged following the structure of Annex I of EC Regulation 1/2005 5 . On fitness for transport, recommendations for cattle and poultry were focused on repeated humane handling and careful inspection prior to transport. On the means of transport, use of partitions in horse transport, compulsory fasting of pigs with provision of water at stops, and temperature limits for poultry were major recommendations. Maintaining stability of animal groups was recommended as good practice, with special emphasis on the need to avoid mixing unfamiliar pigs or goats. On watering and feeding intervals, journey times and resting periods, journey duration should not exceed 12 hours for horses and 29 hours for cattle. Horses should be supplied with water one hour before and one hour after transport, and for cattle there should be a 24 hour recovery period with access to food and water. For rabbits, time spent inside the containers during lairage should be considered journey time. Space allowance for horses should be given in terms of kg/m 2 instead of m 2 /animal. For cattle and sheep, it is recommended that space allowances should be calculated according to an allometric equation relating size to body weight. Limits for stocking densities of broilers in containers should be related to thermal conditions. On the navigation systems, temperature monitoring systems should be incorporated. Minimum standards should be established regarding data type to be recorded, the 4 The changes do not affect the overall conclusions of the opinion. To avoid confusion, the original version of the opinion has been removed from the website, but is available on request, as is a version showing all the changes made.

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“…The respiratory rates for all cattle increased by 5.7 bpm for each increase of 1 ºC in ambient temperatures above 25 ºC. The mean (± SEM) ambient temperature was 31.4 ± 0.3 ºC and the mean relative humidity was 80.6 ± 0.8 % (Norris et al 2003).…”

Section: Respiratory Rate and Pantingmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The main causes of death during this period were heat stroke, trauma and respiratory disease (Norris et al 2003). Between 1998 and 2003 there were 65 voyages where the mortality rate exceeded 1 %, of these, 41 were voyages to the Middle East with the remainder to South East Asia and the Pacific (Gaughan et al 2004a).…”

Section: Live Cattle Exportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Respiratory rates of cattle on four livestock voyages were assessed by Norris et al (2003); findings included that breed and ambient temperature were each significantly (P < 0.001) associated with respiratory rate. The highest respiratory rates were in Hereford and Shorthorn (mean, 78.2 and 73.8 bpm respectively) compared to Droughtmaster (55.1 bpm) and Brahmans (40.1 bpm).…”

Section: Respiratory Rate and Pantingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heat load alleviation in beef cattle: water application during continuous high temperature exposure

Tait¹

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The live export industry is an integral part of the Australian cattle industry and makes a significant contribution to the Australian economy. Heat stroke has been a major cause of cattle death on long haul sea voyages and has the potential to threaten the viability and sustainability of cattle exports.To mitigate high heat loads on these voyages, it is necessary to implement cooling strategies to lower the temperature of the microclimate surrounding the cattle. The main cooling method used on live export voyages is high pressure hosing but no research has been undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of this or other water application methods. The major focus of this thesis was therefore, to explore heat load mitigation of confined beef cattle. The initial hypothesis was that the application of water onto cattle exposed to a continuous high heat load will reduce the severity of heat stress.As, different breeds of cattle and composites are exported together, the second hypothesis was that different cattle breeds and composites respond differently to heat exposure and to water cooling.Climatic conditions for all three studies were based on the conditions encountered on board a live export vessel travelling from southern Australia to the Middle East (during the northern hemisphere summer). The first study obtained data on changes in the microclimate and responses of Bos taurus cattle (Angus) when water was applied via a hose to cattle maintained in single pens under continuous hot conditions. The results showed that the water application had a positive impact on cattle comfort (respiratory rate reduced by 50 -80 bpm; rectal temperature reduced within an hour after wetting of cattle). The dry-bulb temperature was also reduced following longer duration water applications. The impact of water application on physiological parameters, such as rate of respiration and rectal temperature, was a function of water volume applied and ambient conditions. For all steers mean daily rectal temperatures and respiratory rates were lower (P < 0.01) during thermoneutral conditions than during the 11 days of hot conditions. Four water application methods (hosing, overhead sprinklers, leg sprinklers and misters) were evaluated in the second experiment with the same Bos taurus breed. Volume and frequency of water application was assessed with the cattle were housed in groups (n = 9) on sawdust bedding. Of the four methods evaluated, hosing was the most effective in mitigating the heat load on the cattle. The leg wetting and misting treatments had little to no effect. While not as effective as hosing, overhead sprinklers did afford heat relief and may have advantages for cooling large numbers of cattle at the same time. Bedding had to be removed after it became wet due to increased concentrations of atmospheric ammonia that posed a risk to cattle and human health. IIAs live export ships carry both Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle, the third experiment investigated the effects of high heat load conditions on three breeds of cattle an...

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Cattle deaths during sea transport from Australia

Abstract: Cattle have a low risk of death during sea transport from Australia. The risk of death can be reduced on voyages to the Middle East by preferentially exporting cattle from northern ports, and selecting those with a higher Bos indicus content whenever possible.

Cited by 31 publications

References 8 publications

Estimation of nasal shedding and seroprevalence of organisms known to be associated with bovine respiratory disease in Australian live export cattle

Estimation of nasal shedding and seroprevalence of organisms known to be associated with bovine respiratory disease in Australian live export cattle

Scientific Opinion Concerning the Welfare of Animals during Transport

Heat load alleviation in beef cattle: water application during continuous high temperature exposure

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