Cattle Byproducts

Mora, Leticia; Toldrá‐Reig, Fidel; Prates, J. A. M.; Toldrá, Fidel

doi:10.1002/9781119383956.ch3

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…The omnivore diet (inclusive of all food types) is by sheer prevalence the leading general type of diet in the world [ 12 ]. The Western omnivore diet is often composed of a majority of weekly calories from non-human animal-based sources (typically chicken, pig, cow, or cow by-products, including milk and dairy products) [ 13 , 14 ]. Likewise, with the exemption of meat, the Western vegetarian diet may also predominantly consist of animal-based products (e.g., eggs, yogurt, butter, cheese, and honey) [ 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Western omnivore diet is often composed of a majority of weekly calories from non-human animal-based sources (typically chicken, pig, cow, or cow by-products, including milk and dairy products) [ 13 , 14 ]. Likewise, with the exemption of meat, the Western vegetarian diet may also predominantly consist of animal-based products (e.g., eggs, yogurt, butter, cheese, and honey) [ 13 , 14 ]. However, any diet may be considered “plant-based” if fruit, vegetable, and grain consumption, for example, exceed 50% of caloric intake [ 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Training Behaviors and Periodization Outline of Omnivorous, Vegetarian, and Vegan Recreational Runners (Part A)—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)

et al. 2023

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Runners train for long-distance competitions based on underlying motivations, which may be similar to individual dietary motivations (e.g., well-being and performance). Fundamental training differences may arise in recreational runners following different diet types (omnivore, vegetarian, vegan) considering possible motive variations. Following a cross-sectional design, distance runners completed a survey (online), including a thorough assessment of training behaviors with generic training details and periodization specifics in three phases: 1. an intermediary and rebound stage, 2. a main preparatory stage, and 3. a main event stage (tapering or interim event level/s). Kruskal–Wallis and chi-squared tests were used in the statistical analysis. A total of 245 fit recreational runners following omnivore (n = 109), vegetarian (n = 45), and vegan diets (n = 91) were included. Significant differences in the initial running motivation were found across dietary subgroups (p = 0.033) as well as for current motivations (p = 0.038), with vegetarians being the least health motivated (27% and 9%, respectively). No differences in each of the specific periods were found between diet types across the outline (p > 0.05). The present evidence shows that there is a lack of fundamental training differences based on recreational runners following different generic types of diets. The results of the present investigation may be especially relevant for future studies on safety, sustainability, and performance-enhancing dietary practices among athletes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Training Behaviors and Periodization Outline of Omnivorous, Vegetarian, and Vegan Recreational Runners (Part A)—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)

et al. 2023

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“…These are skin, bones, fat, hair, tendons, contents of the gastrointestinal tract, blood and some internal organs. Most animal by-products are bioactive peptides that have been intensively researched recently [187]. Blood and collagen are an abundant source of protein and are present at up to 4% of total animal weight [188].…”

Section: Extractions From Animal By-productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential of Deep Eutectic Solvents in the Extraction of Organic Compounds from Food Industry By-Products and Agro-Industrial Waste

Molnar,

Gašo-Sokač,

Komar

et al. 2024

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Global food waste has a huge impact on the environment, as it is a source of greenhouse gas emissions and wasted natural resources. Across the world, over 30% of food is lost or wasted each year. Aside from this, the food industry, as well, is one of the biggest sources of agro-industrial waste and by-products, which can be valorized and used for different purposes. Such waste is a good source of bioactive organic compounds that can be extracted without altering their properties, where deep eutectic solvents can serve as green solvents and as an excellent replacement for volatile organic solvents. Isolated compounds can be used in innovative food production, chemical production, cosmetics and other industries. Deep eutectic solvents have attracted extraordinary attention due to their advantages such as environmental friendliness, availability and easy preparation, easy handling and utilization of non-toxic components for their formation. Due to these properties, they are a greener alternative to classic organic solvents for many processes, including extractions. In this paper, we review the utilization of deep eutectic solvents as potential green media for the extraction of organic compounds such as polyphenols, carbohydrates, proteins and alkaloids from by-products of the food industry and from agro-industrial waste.

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“…About 328 million animals (cattle, sheep, pigs and goats) and 6 billion poultry (mainly chickens and turkeys) were slaughtered in 2014 in the European Union [2]. Such a high number of slaughtered animals produces enormous amounts of waste animal residue including fats that need to be treated to reduce pollution or recycled to give them some added value [26,27]. Such fats include beef tallow extracted from rendering fatty tissue of cattle, mutton tallow from rendering sheep, pork lard from rendering pigs and chicken fat from rendering feathers, blood, skin, offal and trims [28,29].…”

Section: Animal Fats As Feedstockmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The quality can also be affected due to side reactions producing unwanted products [85]. The free fatty acid content in animal fats is within the range of 5-30%, making a pretreatment necessary [26]. For an effective transesterification reaction, it is recommended that a limit in free fatty acids be equivalent to 1.0-1.5% [86], or an acid value below 2 mg KOH/g of oil [87].…”

Section: Transesterification For Producing Biodiesel From Animal Fatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Biodiesel Production from Animal Fat Waste

2020

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The agro-food industry generates large amounts of waste that contribute to environmental contamination. Animal fat waste constitutes some of the most relevant waste and the treatment of such waste is quite costly because environmental regulations are quite strict. Part of such costs might be reduced through the generation of bioenergy. Biodiesel constitutes a valid renewable source of energy because it is biodegradable, non-toxic and has a good combustion emission profile and can be blended up to 20% with fossil diesel for its use in many countries. Furthermore, up to 70% of the total cost of biodiesel majorly depends on the cost of the raw materials used, which can be reduced using animal fat waste because they are cheaper than vegetable oil waste. In fact, 6% of total feedstock corresponded to animal fat in 2019. Transesterification with alkaline catalysis is still preferred at industrial plants producing biodiesel. Recent developments in heterogeneous catalysts that can be easily recovered, regenerated and reused, as well as immobilized lipases with increased stability and resistance to alcohol denaturation, are promising for future industrial use. This manuscript reviews the available processes and recent advances for biodiesel generation from animal fat waste.

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Cattle Byproducts

Cited by 5 publications

References 52 publications

Training Behaviors and Periodization Outline of Omnivorous, Vegetarian, and Vegan Recreational Runners (Part A)—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)

Training Behaviors and Periodization Outline of Omnivorous, Vegetarian, and Vegan Recreational Runners (Part A)—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)

Potential of Deep Eutectic Solvents in the Extraction of Organic Compounds from Food Industry By-Products and Agro-Industrial Waste

Trends in Biodiesel Production from Animal Fat Waste

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