Cationic cellulose betainate for wastewater treatment

Sievänen, Katja; Kavakka, Jari; Hirsilä, Paula; Vainio, Pirjo; Karisalmi, Kaisa; Fiskari, Juha; Kilpeläinen, Ilkka

doi:10.1007/s10570-015-0578-2

Cited by 19 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…However, they might cause secondary pollution because of the high concentration of residuals and toxic degradation products. To avoid these problems, natural polymers, such as cellulose, starch, lignin, and chitosan, could be the ideal candidates to be prepared as effective flocculants, due to their biodegradability and ecofriendliness …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To avoid these problems, natural polymers, such as cellulose, starch, lignin, and chitosan, could be the ideal candidates to be prepared as effective flocculants, due to their biodegradability and ecofriendliness. [6][7][8][9][10][11] Starch, one of the richest bioresources in the world, is a mixture of amylopectin and amylase. 12 It is widely used as a raw material because it has many hydroxyl groups on its molecular chain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis of a starch–acrylic acid–chitosan copolymer as flocculant for dye removal

Xun

Lou

Xing

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Flocculants prepared with modified natural polymers have recently attracted extensive attention in the field of water treatment. In this work, acrylic acid was successfully grafted onto the backbones of starch and chitosan by free radical polymerization. The synthesis parameters of initiator concentration, reaction temperature, and neutralization degree of acrylic acid were optimized as 0.4 wt %, 50 C, and 70%, respectively, according to the flocculation performance. The ternary copolymer starch-acrylic acid-chitosan (SAAC) could completely remove Acid Blue 113 from 100 mg/L of simulated wastewater (color removal efficiency 99.7%) at the flocculant dosage of 100 mg/L. The SAAC also had effective flocculation capability in a wide range of flocculant dosages and pH values of wastewater. The ternary copolymer based on two natural polymers has enormous potential as flocculant with its advantages of low price, ecofriendliness, and high performance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of a starch–acrylic acid–chitosan copolymer as flocculant for dye removal

Xun

Lou

Xing

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Starch esters with betaine were prepared, whereas cellulose , betaine esters were used as flocculants, and hydroxyethyl cellulose betaine esters served as mucoadhesives. These products were prepared by a two-step reaction with thionyl chloride.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stability might also be the reason that glycine betaine esters, unlike phosphocholine esters, have not been described as components of cell membrane lipids. 13 Starch esters with betaine were prepared, 14 whereas cellulose 15,16 betaine esters were used as flocculants, and hydroxyethyl cellulose 17 betaine esters served as mucoadhesives. These products were prepared by a two-step reaction with thionyl chloride.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Efficacy of Betaine- and Choline-Substituted Polymers

Jurko

Makuc

Štern

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Cationic charge has been widely used to increase polymer adsorption and flocculation of dispersions or to provide antimicrobial activity. In this work, cationization of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was achieved by covalently coupling betaine hydrochloride and choline chloride to the polymer backbones through carbonyl diimidazole (CDI) activation. Two approaches for activation were investigated. CDI in excess was used to activate the polymers’ hydroxyls followed by carbonate formation with choline chloride, or CDI was used to activate betaine hydrochloride, followed by ester formation with the polymers’ hydroxyls. The first approach led to a more significant cross-linking of PVA, but not of HEC, and the second approach successfully formed ester bonds. Cationic, nitrogen-bearing materials with varying degrees of substitution were obtained in moderate to high yields. These materials were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, polyelectrolyte titration, and kaolin flocculation. Their dose-dependent effect on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and L929 mouse fibroblasts, was investigated. Significant differences were found between the choline- and betaine-containing polymers, and especially, the choline carbonate esters of HEC strongly inhibited the growth of S. aureus in vitro but were also cytotoxic to fibroblasts. Fibroblast cytotoxicity was also observed for betaine esters of PVA but not for those of HEC. The materials could potentially be used as antimicrobial agents for instance by coating surfaces, but more investigations into the interaction between cells and polysaccharides are necessary to clarify why and how bacterial and human cells are inhibited or killed by these derivatives, especially those containing choline.

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“…Cationized cellulose as water-soluble derivatives or fibers are one important group of industrially produced cellulose derivatives that can be used to replace synthetic polyelectrolytes. Their advantages are low cost, biodegradability and low toxicity [ 3 , 4 ]. Cationized celluloses and other polysaccharides have been studied intensively in recent decades as flocculants, paper additives, hair care products and absorbent materials [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of mixing and consistency on cellulose cationization

Willberg‐Keyriläinen

Pitkänen

Hulkko

et al. 2019

Heliyon

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Traditional chemical modifications of cellulose are usually done at low or medium consistencies. Processing at high solids content is expected to provide a leap forward in reduction of manufacturing costs such as minimization of chemical use, energy consumption and decreasing processing equipment size, while at the same time increasing reaction efficiency. In this research, high consistency modifications of cellulose were studied through cationization reaction. Four different laboratory scale high consistency reactors were tested and the effect of mixing on fiber properties was analyzed. All reactors decreased cellulose fiber length and no significant difference between cellulose starting consistencies and mixing time on fiber properties were found. The cationization reaction efficiency increased as the cellulose starting consistency increased in all of the tested reactors. In addition, mercerization of pulp as pretreatment, significantly increased reaction efficiency.

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Cationic cellulose betainate for wastewater treatment

Cited by 19 publications

References 16 publications

Synthesis of a starch–acrylic acid–chitosan copolymer as flocculant for dye removal

Synthesis of a starch–acrylic acid–chitosan copolymer as flocculant for dye removal

Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Efficacy of Betaine- and Choline-Substituted Polymers

The effect of mixing and consistency on cellulose cationization

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