than AF patients not on HD (non-HD). 2-6 Furthermore, early recurrence (ER) within a 90-day blanking period after CA is reported to be a risk factor for late recurrence (LR), 7-9 but, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports on the association between ER and LR in HD T he incidence and prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients on hemodialysis (HD) are reported to be higher than in the general population. 1 However, it is reported that patients on HD are more likely to experience AF recurrence after catheter ablation (CA)