Cathepsin B-sensitive cholesteryl hemisuccinate–gemcitabine prodrug nanoparticles: enhanced cellular uptake and intracellular drug controlled release

Abstract

Gemcitabine [2 0 ,2 0 -difluoro-2 0 -deoxycytidine (dFdC)], firstline treatment for pancreatic cancer in the clinic, is a cytotoxic nucleoside analogue. Nucleoside transporters are required in the transport of gemcitabine into cells since it is a hydrophilic compound. Actually, there are significant drawbacks for the application of gemcitabine in clinic, including a short half-life and serious side effects. In order to overcome the mentioned drawbacks, a novel prodrug, cholesteryl hemisuccinate-gemcitabine (CHSdFdC), was synthesized through covalently coupling the amino group of gemcitabine with the carboxylic group of cholesteryl hemisuccinate. The amphiphilic prodrug self-assembled spontaneously as nanoparticles in aqueous media confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurement revealed that the mean particle size is approximately 200 nm in aqueous media. The CHSdFdC nanoparticles displayed accumulative controlled drug release in simulated lysosome conditions (pH 5.0 NaAc buffer solution containing cathepsin B); the amount of drug release reached up to 80% within 10 h. However, there was almost no drug release in pH 7.4 PBS and pH 5.0 NaAc buffer solutions without cathepsin B. All these results indicated the intracellularly controlled drug release manner of the CHSdFdC nanoparticles. The controlled release of dFdC from the CHSdFdC nanoparticles was related closely to cleavage of amide bonds by cathepsin B. The CHSdFdC nanoparticles exhibited increased ability to inhibit cell growth compared with gemcitabine in vitro. Meanwhile, the CHSdFdC nanoparticles exhibited enhanced cellular uptake ability against Bxpc-3 cells, and the amount of CHSdFdC was about 15 fold of gemcitabine during the 2.5 h incubation. All these results showed that the CHSdFdC nanoparticle prodrug has great potential in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

The evolution of nucleosidic analogues: self-assembly of prodrugs into nanoparticles for cancer drug delivery

“…73,74 Xu et al utilized the increased presence of the cathepsin B enzyme in the pancreatic cancer tissue to develop a cholesteryl hemisuccinate-1 gemcitabine prodrug that will release the gemcitabine mainly at the cancer site aer contact with cathepsin B that will cleave the amide bond. 75…”

Azacitidine Omega-3 Self-Assemblies: Synthesis, Characterization, and Potent Applications for Myelodysplastic Syndromes

“…In this study we aimed to counter these varied shortcomings with a dual approachfirst, through the synthesis of an azacytidine-based prodrug via its conjugation to a fatty acid at the amine group of azacitidine, and second, by pushing the obtained prodrug towards self-assemblies. The obtained amphiphilic prodrug would have an enhanced entry into the cells owing to the similar nature of the cell lipid bilayer membrane [23,24], with a specificity to the affected cells owing to their overexpression of cathepsin-B, an enzyme that can cleave the conjugating amide bond, specifically releasing the free azacitidine [25][26][27]. Additionally, the prodrug-based self-assemblies would be able to further protect the azacitidine from degradation by deaminases, increasing its circulation time and thus reducing the required dose to achieve an equal response [12].…”

Docetaxel-Loaded Chitosan-Cholesterol Conjugate-Based Self-Assembled Nanoparticles for Overcoming Multidrug Resistance in Cancer Cells

“…In this study, CS was grafted with cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHS), as a hydrophobic residue. CHS is a type of cholesterol-mimicking detergent and it can be easily applied to fabricate nano-sized drug delivery vehicles (i.e., NP and liposome) [ 20 , 21 ]. CHS was introduced to NPs as a hydrophobic moiety for the reservoir of hydrophobic anticancer drugs and its good biocompatibility.…”