Cathepsin and Microglia

Clark, Anna; Ogbonna, Andrea C.; Malcangio, Marzia

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28753-4_4922

Cited by 1 publication

(2 citation statements)

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“…Neuro-immune signaling with microglia is critical for initiation and development of the central component of neuropathic pain (Tsuda et al, 2003). In this instance, nerve injury induces gliosis, where microglia (and astrocytes) surrounding the affected primary afferent terminals functionally altered towards a "pain-related enhanced response states" (McMahon and Malcangio, 2009), which contributes to sensitization and results in enhanced neuroimmune communication (Clark and Malcangio, 2014).…”

Section: Inflammation and Neuronal Sensitizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CX 3 CL1 signaling is ideally placed to mediate neuron-microglial communication, during both steady state and following peripheral nerve damage, and therefore is a potential candidate to investigate its role in the modulation of nociceptor signaling and sensitization (Harrison et al, 1998;Zhuang et al, 2007;Clark and Malcangio, 2014). CX 3 CL1, also known as fractalkine (humans) or neurotactin (mice), is a structurally unique chemokine principally expressed by neurons that plays a role in neuropathic pain (Harrison et al, 1998;Verge et al, 2004).…”

Section: Inflammation and Neuronal Sensitizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Corneal pain and experimental model development

McKay

Seyed‐Razavi

Ghezzi

et al. 2019

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

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The cornea is a valuable tissue for studying peripheral sensory nerve structure and regeneration due to its avascularity, transparency, and dense innervation. Somatosensory innervation of the cornea serves to identify changes in environmental stimuli at the ocular surface, thereby promoting barrier function to protect the eye against injury or infection. Due to regulatory demands to screen ocular safety of potential chemical exposure, a need remains to develop functional human tissue models to predict ocular damage and pain using in vitro-based systems to increase throughput and minimize animal use. In this review, we summarize the anatomical and functional roles of corneal innervation in propagation of sensory input, corneal neuropathies associated with pain, and the status of current in vivo and in vitro models. Emphasis is placed on tissue engineering approaches to study the human corneal pain response in vitro with integration of proper cell types, controlled microenvironment, and high-throughput readouts to predict pain induction. Further developments in this field will aid in defining molecular signatures to distinguish acute and chronic pain triggers based on the immune response and epithelial, stromal, and neuronal interactions that occur at the ocular surface that lead to functional outcomes in the brain depending on severity and persistence of the stimulus.

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Section: Inflammation and Neuronal Sensitizationmentioning

confidence: 99%