“…A number of studies have reported that LL-37 exerts a diverse range of pleiotropic attributes including antimicrobial activities, immunity, angiogenesis, wound repair, and bone tissue engineering ( Tjabringa et al, 2003 ; Elssner et al, 2004 ; Bucki et al, 2010 ; Pfosser et al, 2010 ; Ramos et al, 2011 ; Liu et al, 2018 ; Mitchell et al, 2022 ). However, different from its traditional roles, emerging evidence from cancer biology studies suggests that LL-37 might promote or inhibit tumor progression ( Ren et al, 2012 ; Piktel et al, 2016 ; Chen et al, 2018 ; Jiang et al, 2020 ; Chen et al, 2021 ; Vitale et al, 2021 ; Kiatsurayanon et al, 2022 ; Zhang et al, 2022 ). LL-37 plays an important and complex role in the regulation of different human cancers.…”