Category test and trail making test as measures of frontal lobe functions

Reitan, Ralph M.; Wolfson, Deborah

doi:10.1080/13854049508402057

Cited by 342 publications

(210 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The notion that frontal functioning may underlie changes in inhibitory performance at off-peak times is further supported by the finding of significant correlations between the frontal measures and the inhibitory measures for older adults. These findings are only preliminary and suggestive, however, as concerns have been raised regarding the validity of both the Stroop and Trail Making tests as indexes of frontal processing per se (Blenner, 1993;Reitan & Wolfson, 1995). Certainly further behavioral and imaging research is needed to discern the locus of synchrony effects within the brain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Synchrony effects in inhibitory control over thought and action.

May¹,

Hasher²

1998

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

266

287

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Two experiments explore whether synchrony between peak circadian arousal periods and time of testing influences inhibitory efficiency for younger and older adults. Experiment 1 assesses inhibitory control over no-longer-relevant thoughts, and Experiment 2 assesses control over unwanted but strong responses, as well as performance on neuropsychological tasks that index frontal function. Inhibitory control is greatest at optimal times for both age groups and is generally greater for younger than for older adults. Performance on 2 neuropsychological measures (Stroop and Trails) also changes over the day, at least for older adults, and is correlated with inhibitory indexes, suggesting that for older adults changes in inhibition may be mediated by circadian variations in frontal functioning. By contrast, access to well-learned responses is not vulnerable to synchrony or age effects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Synchrony effects in inhibitory control over thought and action.

May¹,

Hasher²

1998

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

266

287

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Yet the faith in a specific link between damage to PFC and impairment on the tests appeared to be premature (e.g., Anderson, Bigler, & Blatter, 1995). Reitan and Wolfson (1995) mused, after failing to find frontal specific deficits on the Category Test and Trails B, that "neuropsychologists should adopt a more critical attitude concerning so-called "frontal lobe deficits" (p. 50).…”

Section: Initial Assessment Effortsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fifty Years of Prefrontal Cortex Research: Impact on Assessment

Burgess

Stuss

2017

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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Our knowledge of the functions of the prefrontal cortex, often called executive, supervisory, or control, has been transformed over the past 50 years. After operationally defining terms for clarification, we review the impact of advances in functional, structural, and theoretical levels of understanding upon neuropsychological assessment practice as a means of identifying 11 principles/challenges relating to assessment of executive function. Three of these were already known 50 years ago, and 8 have been confirmed or emerged since. Key themes over this period have been the emergence of the use of naturalistic tests to address issues of "ecological validity"; discovery of the complexity of the frontal lobe control system; invention of new tests for clinical use; development of key theoretical frameworks that address the issue of the role of prefrontal cortex systems in the organization of human cognition; the move toward considering brain systems rather than brain regions; the advent of functional neuroimaging, and its emerging integration into clinical practice. Despite these huge advances, however, practicing neuropsychologists are still desperately in need of new ways of measuring executive function. We discuss pathways by which this might happen, including decoupling the two levels of explanation (information processing; brain structure) and integrating very recent technological advances into the neuropsychologist's toolbox. (JINS, 2017, 23, 755-767)

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“…Inhibitory control was evaluated using the number of errors on the Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT; Stroop, 1935; Zimmermann, Cardoso, Trentini, Grassi-Oliveira, & Fonseca, 2015), and the time taken to complete parts B of the Hayling Sentence Completion Test (HSCT; Burgess & Shallice, 1997;Fonseca et al, 2010), and the Trail Making Test (TMT; (Reitan & Wolfson, 1995;Zimmermann et al, 2015). The association between the time to completion of parts A and B of the HSCT and TMT were also calculated.…”

Section: Procedures and Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropsychological Clustering in Bipolar and Major Depressive Disorder

Cotrena

Branco

Ponsoni

et al. 2017

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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Objectives: Cognitive dysfunction is a key feature of major depressive (MDD) and bipolar (BD) disorders. However, rather than a single cognitive profile corresponding to each diagnostic categories, recent studies have identified significant intra-and cross-diagnostic variability in patterns of cognitive impairment. The goal of this study was to contribute to the literature on cognitive heterogeneity in mood disorders by identifying cognitive subprofiles in a population of patients with MDD, BD type I, BD type II, and healthy adults. Methods: Participants completed a neuropsychological battery; scores were converted into Z-scores using normative data and submitted to hierarchical cluster analysis. Results: Three distinct neuropsychological clusters were identified: (1) a large cluster containing mostly control participants, as well as some patients with BD and MDD, who performed at above-average levels on all neuropsychological domains; (2) a cluster containing some patients from all diagnostic groups, as well as healthy controls, who performed worse than cluster 1 on most tasks, and showed impairments in motor inhibition and verbal fluency; (3) a cluster containing mostly patients with mood disorders with severe impairments in verbal inhibition and cognitive flexibility. Conclusions: These findings revealed multiple cognitive profiles within diagnostic categories, as well as significant cross-diagnostic overlap, highlighting the importance of developing more specific treatment approaches which consider patients' demographic and cognitive profiles in addition to their diagnosis. (JINS, 2017, 23, 584-593)

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Category test and trail making test as measures of frontal lobe functions

Cited by 342 publications

References 23 publications

Synchrony effects in inhibitory control over thought and action.

Synchrony effects in inhibitory control over thought and action.

Fifty Years of Prefrontal Cortex Research: Impact on Assessment

Neuropsychological Clustering in Bipolar and Major Depressive Disorder

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