“…Numerous “simple” acoustic signal attributes are known, or thought, to be represented in early cortical processing stages, including the filtering or extraction of signal features such as bandwidths, spectral shapes, onsets, and harmonic relationships, which together have a critical role in auditory stream segregation and formation, clustering operations, and sound organization (Medvedev et al, 2002, Nelken, 2004, Kumar et al, 2007, Elhilali and Shamma, 2008, Woods et al, 2010). Later stages are thought to represent processing that segregates spectro-temporal patterns associated with complex sounds, including the processing of acoustic textures, location cues, prelinguistic analysis of speech sounds (Griffiths and Warren, 2002, Obleser et al, 2007, Overath et al, 2010), and representations of auditory objects defined by their entropy and spectral structure variation (Reddy et al, 2009, Lewis et al, 2012). Subsequent cortical processing pathways, such as projections between posterior portions of the superior temporal gyri (STG) and STS, may integrate corresponding acoustic streams over longer time frames (Maeder et al, 2001, Zatorre et al, 2004, Griffiths et al, 2007, Leech et al, 2009, Goll et al, 2011, Teki et al, 2011), involving or leading to processing that may provide a greater sense of semantic meaning to the listener.…”