Catecholestrogens excretion in smoking and non-smoking postmenopausal women receiving estrogen replacement therapy

Berstein, Lev M.; Цырлина, Е. В.; Колесник, О. С.; Gamajunova, V. B.; Adlercreutz, Herman

doi:10.1016/s0960-0760(00)00038-8

Cited by 28 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…It is already known that oral oestrogen therapy in postmenopausal women leads to an increase of 4-catechol oestrogens and concomitantly a decrease of 2-methoxyoestrogens compared with non-smokers, which the authors correlated with increased breast cancer risk (57). According to our investigations, metabolic changes can be partly avoided by the use of transdermal applications.…”

Section: Factors Influencing Estradiol Metabolismsupporting

confidence: 56%

Are estradiol metabolites involved in gynaecological carcinogenesis?

Seeger

Mueck

2009

Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation

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Certain estradiol metabolites are biologically active, sometimes several times more potent than their parent substance. Highly sophisticated laboratory methods allow us to understand oestrogenic effects as a net effect of the corresponding metabolite pattern. Currently, research is focused on the anticancerogenic effects of 2-hydroxyestrone and particularly 2-methoxyestradiol, as well as the possible carcinogenic properties of 4-hydroxyoestrogens and 16α-hydroxyestrone. The clinical relevance of these activities, demonstrated in in-vitro and animal experiments, remains unclear - it is proven, however, that the metabolite production can be altered in certain malignancies such as endometrial-, breast- and cervical carcinoma. Clinical studies, including our studies, have demonstrated a negative correlation between the ratio of 2-hydroxyestrone to 16α-hydroxyestrone and breast cancer risk. However, the design and interpretation of such studies should consider factors influencing metabolic pattern such as diet, physical activity, smoking, as well as internal diseases and certain drugs.

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Section: Factors Influencing Estradiol Metabolismsupporting

confidence: 56%

Are estradiol metabolites involved in gynaecological carcinogenesis?

Seeger

Mueck

2009

Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation

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“…The remaining studies included multiracial populations for which no breakdown of the results according to race was reported. Thirteen studies involved exclusively pre-menopausal women [58-62, 67, 71, 73, 85, 92-94, 96, 100-102], 15 included only post menopausal women [52, 53, 56, 57, 65, 66, 72, 74, 75, 80-84, 86, 90, 91, 98, 99, 103], and the remaining 15 included a mixture of both pre and post menopausal women, of which 6 studies presented the results stratified by menopausal status.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Out of the studies that addressed postmenopausal hormone usage, three did not report a significant impact on the 2/16 ratio [52, 78, 79] while another study observed significant changes in the ratio in smokers only [98]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary 2/16 estrogen metabolite ratio levels in healthy women: A review of the literature

Dallal

Taioli

2010

Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research

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This is a summary of the published literature on the urinary 2/16 estrogen metabolite ratio in human populations, and a report the observed range of normal values in healthy women. Original research studies that included the measurement of urinary estrogen metabolites in human subjects were identified through an extensive Medline search; 43 distinct studies were indentified, including a total of 6802 healthy women. The range of mean values of the 2/16 ratio measured with the ELISA method varied from 0.98 to 1.74; in studies of pre-menopausal women the range of mean values was 1.5 to 2.74, in studies of post-menopausal women mean values ranged from 1.15 to 2.25. The heterogeneity across studies was highly significant (p-value Q test: <0.0001). In multivariable analyses, only race confirmed its role as an independent predictor of 2/16 ratio (F value: 7.95; p value: 0.009), after adjustment for age and menopausal status. There appears to be a large body of data on the 2/16 urinary ratio in healthy women. However, summary estimates are difficult to perform due to the high variability of the published study-specific values. The data suggests that race may be a contributor to 2/16 urinary ratio levels.

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“…To our knowledge, such an interaction has not been previously reported and thus requires confirmation. A possible biologic basis for this interaction is unclear, though one study did report that smokers who received estrogen replacement therapy had elevated levels of specific carcinogenic catecholestrogens compared to non-smokers who took menopausal estrogen therapy [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship Between Various Measures of Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Breast Cancer Among Older Women 65–79 years of Age (United States)

Malone

Daling

2005

Cancer Causes Control

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Results from studies evaluating the relationship between cigarette smoking and breast cancer have been inconsistent. Though most studies have found that smoking does not alter risk, others have observed both increased and decreased risks associated with smoking. The reasons for these inconsistencies are unclear, but they may be related to differences in study populations, designs, and exposure definitions. In particular, this relationship may vary by age, and few studies have focused on older women many of whom have smoked for very long durations. We conducted a population-based case-control study (975 cases/1007 controls) of women 65-79 years of age in western Washington State. Women who were current smokers, smoked for > or =40 years, had > or =11 pack-years of lifetime smoking, or started smoking before their first full-term birth each had 30-40% elevated risks of breast cancer (p < 0.05). Recency, length, and intensity of smoking are all associated with modest increased risks of breast cancer. A further understanding of the timing of smoking, and its interaction with other factors, may enhance our knowledge of whether and by what mechanisms smoking alters breast cancer risk.

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Catecholestrogens excretion in smoking and non-smoking postmenopausal women receiving estrogen replacement therapy

Cited by 28 publications

References 23 publications

Are estradiol metabolites involved in gynaecological carcinogenesis?

Are estradiol metabolites involved in gynaecological carcinogenesis?

Urinary 2/16 estrogen metabolite ratio levels in healthy women: A review of the literature

The Relationship Between Various Measures of Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Breast Cancer Among Older Women 65–79 years of Age (United States)

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