Catecholaminergic systems in the zebrafish. I. Number, morphology, and histochemical characteristics of neurons in the locus coeruleus

Abstract

The locus coeruleus is a noradrenergic nucleus located in the isthmal tegmentum. In mammals, it contains several thousand neurons that have diverse projection patterns and contain various neuropeptides. In fishes, this nucleus contains few neurons. This study attempts to define and quantify morphological types of locus coeruleus neurons, and search for neurochemical subpopulations in the zebrafish. In this fish, the locus coeruleus contains between 3 and 10 neurons, and most nuclei contain between 5 and 8 cells. Nuclei in more inbred lines of fish have a narrower range of neurons. The difference in neuron number between the two sides of the same brain is small, but only 24% of the brains have identical numbers on both sides. These observations suggest that there is a two-step control of neuron number: the genetic constitution of the fish determines the approximate number of cells, while epigenetic factors determine the final number. Based on dendritic orientation, three types of cells are identified: (1) V type, neurons with only ventrally projecting dendrites; (2) L type, neurons with only laterally projecting dendrites; and (3) VL type, neurons with both ventrally and laterally projecting dendrites. Over 65% of the neurons are of the V type; some nuclei have V type cells only. There is a correlation between the total number of neurons and the ratio of each cell type. In nuclei with five cells or fewer, over 80% of the neurons are V type; higher percentages of the other two types are seen in nuclei with 6 or more neurons. The dendritic morphology and orientation suggest that various types of neurons may receive different inputs. Cholinesterases are not detectable in locus coeruleus neurons. Immunocytochemical staining for a number of neuropeptides also fails to demonstrate detectable levels. Neuropeptide Y is present in some cells abutting the locus coeruleus, but these are probably not catecholamine-containing neurons. Some neurons contain choline-acetyltransferase. These observations suggest that locus coeruleus neurons of the zebrafish may be morphologically and neurochemically heterogeneous.

Transgenic zebrafish that express tyrosine hydroxylase promoter in inner retinal cells

“…The distribution of catecholamines that was determined by transgene expression in this study seemed to be broader than the distribution of catecholamines determined using other methods, e.g., immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization (Ma, 1994a(Ma, ,b, 1997(Ma, , 2003Guo et al, 1999a;Holzschuh et al, 2001;Rink and Wullimann, 2002;Ma and Lopez, 2003). In developing zebrafish, only a few groups of cells can be identified in the brain area by TH antibodies or by in situ hybridizations.…”

“…The distribution of catecholamines in the central nervous system (CNS) has been carefully studied (Groves et al, 1995;Hynes et al, 1995;Puelles and Verney, 1998;Ma, 1994aMa, ,b, 1997Ma, , 2003. In mammals, catecholamines are primarily found in the forebrain and midbrain (Smeets and Reiner, 1994).…”

Development of immunoreactivity to neuropeptide Y in the brain of brown trout (Salmo trutta fario)

“…The LC exhibits NPY-ir neurons in the trout (current results) and in other teleosts Batten et al, 1990;García-Ferná ndez et al, 1992;Vecino and Ekström, 1992;Ma, 1994;Vecino et al, 1994). These LC cells probably send NPY-ir projections to the torus semicircularis, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord.…”

Noradrenergic neurons in the zebrafish hindbrain are induced by retinoic acid and requiretfap2afor expression of the neurotransmitter phenotype

“…Two main groups of noradrenergic (NA) neurons, a caudal rhombencephalic group (A1-A3, in medulla and area postrema) and a rostral rhombencephalic group (A4-A7, in the locus coeruleus), can be recognized in the hindbrain of higher vertebrates (Smeets and Reiner, 1994;Smeets and Gonzalez, 2000) as well as in zebrafish (Ma, 1994a;Ma, 1994b;Ma, 1997;Holzschuh et al, 2001). The control of noradrenergic development in the mouse hindbrain has mainly been studied in the locus coeruleus (reviewed by Goridis and Rohrer, 2002), where important roles have been demonstrated for Mash1 (Hirsch et al, 1998), Phox2a (Morin et al, 1997), Phox2b (Pattyn et al, 1999) and Tlx3 (Qian et al, 2001).…”