Catecholamine‐sensitive adenylate cyclase in the developing golden hamster palate

Waterman, Robert E.; Palmer, Gene C.; Palmer, Susan

doi:10.1002/ar.1091850202

Cited by 27 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 23 publications

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“…In addition, biochemical assays show that both adrenaline and noradrenaline are capable of activating the adenylyl cyclase thought to be necessary for palatal fusion (Waterman et al. ; Garbarino & Greene, ). Adrenergic agonists and antagonists also have been shown to modulate proliferation of mouse embryonic palate mesenchymal cells in vitro (Pisano et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurotransmitter signaling pathways required for normal development inXenopus laevisembryos: a pharmacological survey screen

Sullivan

Levin

2016

Journal of Anatomy

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Neurotransmitters are not only involved in brain function but are also important signaling molecules for many diverse cell types. Neurotransmitters are widely conserved, from evolutionarily ancient organisms lacking nervous systems through man. Here, we report results from a loss- and gain-of-function survey, using pharmacologic modulators of several neurotransmitter pathways to examine possible roles in normal embryogenesis. Applying reagents targeting the glutamatergic, adrenergic, and dopaminergic pathways to embryos of Xenopus laevis from gastrulation to organogenesis stages, we observed and quantified numerous malformations including craniofacial defects, hyperpigmentation, muscle mispatterning, and miscoiling of the gut. These data implicate several key neurotransmitters in new embryonic patterning roles, reveal novel earlier stages for processes involved in eye development, suggest new targets for subsequent molecular-genetic investigation, and highlight the necessity for in-depth toxicology studies of psychoactive compounds to which human embryos might be exposed during pregnancy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurotransmitter signaling pathways required for normal development inXenopus laevisembryos: a pharmacological survey screen

Sullivan

Levin

2016

Journal of Anatomy

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In vitro activation of adenylate cyclase by parathyroid hormone and calcitonin during normal and hydrocortisoneinduced cleft palate development in the golden hamster

Waterman

Palmer

1977

Anat. Rec.

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An adenylate cyclase highly responsive to stimulation by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) in vitro was observed at certain times during normal prenatal development of the maxillary-palatal process complex in the golden hamster. Responses of the enzyme to these hormones were barely detectible at the earliest stage examined (day 10/20). The enzyme became extremely sensitive to activation by either hormone during the time of rapid growth of the palatal processes (day 11/20) and during fusion between the palatal processes (day 12/20). Thereafter, responses were greatly diminished and little or no activation of adenylate cyclase was observed until birth. Adenylate cyclase from fetuses in which clefts of the secondary palate were induced by maternal treatment with hydrocortisone (50 mg) on day 11/3 also displayed an enhanced sensitivity to PTH and CT on day 11/20, but the sensitivity of the enzyme was greatly decreased from that in normal animals during the normal time of palatal fusion (day 12/20) and was barely detectible or absent at the remaining time periods studied (days 13/20 and 14/20). Addition of hydrocortisone to the incubation mixture, either separately or in combination with PTH or CT, did not remarkably affect the response of adenylate cyclase to these hormones. Moreover, the appearance of the adenylate cyclase sensitive to hormonal activation did not result from changes in phosphodiesterase activity during palatal maturation.

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Patterns of cyclic AMP‐dependent protein kinase gene expression during ontogeny of the murine palate

Greene

Lloyd

Uberti

et al. 1995

Journal Cellular Physiology

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Normal growth and differentiation of embryonic palatal tissue depends on regulated levels of intracellular cAMP. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases (PKA) act to mediate the biological activities of cAMP. PKA isozyme protein profiles demonstrate a clear pattern of temporal alterations in embryonic palatal tissue during its development. In order to ascertain the molecular basis for changing PKA isozyme profiles during palatal ontogeny, the spatial and temporal expression of mRNAs for regulatory (RI alpha, RII alpha, and RII beta) and catalytic (C alpha) subunits of PKA was examined. RNA extracted from murine embryonic palatal tissue (days 12-14 of gestation) was examined by Northern blot analysis. Significant levels of constitutively expressed RI alpha and C alpha mRNA were seen on all days of gestation examined. RI alpha transcripts were substantially less abundant in palate mesenchymal cells in vitro than in palatal tissue in vivo. Levels of RII alpha and RII beta mRNA were highest on gestational day (GD) 12, a period characterized by pronounced palatal tissue growth. In addition, patterns of tissue distribution of RII beta, not previously described, were examined in the developing embryonic palate. A dramatic developmental shift in tissue distribution of RII beta was seen. The isozyme was evenly distributed between palatal epithelial and mesenchymal cells on GD 12 but by GD 14, RII beta was predominantly localized to palatal epithelial cells. Direct activation of adenylate cyclase with forskolin in murine embryonic palate mesenchymal (MEPM) cells resulted in an increase in RII alpha mRNA levels but had no effect on steady state levels of RII beta or C alpha mRNA. In addition, elevation of intracellular levels of cAMP resulted in a shift in the transcriptional profile of RI alpha mRNAs. Results of this study document specific patterns of expression for the genes encoding the various cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulatory and C alpha subunits in murine embryonic palatal tissue. In addition, we have demonstrated adaptational changes of this kinase in MEPM cells in response to conditions of increased intracellular levels of cAMP.

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Catecholamine‐sensitive adenylate cyclase in the developing golden hamster palate

Cited by 27 publications

References 23 publications

Neurotransmitter signaling pathways required for normal development inXenopus laevisembryos: a pharmacological survey screen

Neurotransmitter signaling pathways required for normal development inXenopus laevisembryos: a pharmacological survey screen

In vitro activation of adenylate cyclase by parathyroid hormone and calcitonin during normal and hydrocortisoneinduced cleft palate development in the golden hamster

Patterns of cyclic AMP‐dependent protein kinase gene expression during ontogeny of the murine palate

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