Catching up with wonderful women: The women‐are‐wonderful effect is smaller in more gender egalitarian societies

Kryś, Kuba; Capaldi, Colin A.; Tilburg, Wijnand A.P. van; Lipp, Ottmar V.; Bond, Michael Harris; Vauclair, Christin‐Melanie; Manickam, L. S. S.; Domínguez-Espinosa, Alejandra; Torres, Cláudio; Lun, Vivian Miu‐Chi; Teyssier, Julien; Miles, Lynden K.; Hansen, Karolina; Park, Joonha; Wagner, Wolfgang; Yu, Angela Arriola; Xing, Cai; Wise, Ryan; Sun, Chien Ru; Siddiqui, Razi Sultan; Salem, Radwa; Rizwan, Muhammad; Pavlopoulos, Vassilis; Nader, Martín; Maricchiolo, Fridanna; Malbrán, María del Carmen; Javangwe, Gwatirera; Işık, İ̇dil; Igbokwe, David O.; Hur, Taekyun; Hassan, Arif; González, Ana María Carrasco; Fülöp, Márta; Denoux, Patrick; Cenko, Enila; Chkhaidze, Ana; Shmeleva, Eleonora; Antalíková, Radka; Ahmed, Ramadan A.

doi:10.1002/ijop.12420

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This might have influenced the generally favor able feelings female targets received in this study. However, our findings are generally consistent with prior research that overall women are shown more favorable feelings than men (Krys et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Creativity and Executive Function in School-Age Children: Effects of Creative Coloring and Individual Creativity on an Executive Function Sorting Task

Crenshaw¹,

Miller²

2022

PsiChiJournal

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We examined the relationship between executive function (EF) and creativity and whether a creative manipulation related to free coloring or coloring task-relevant materials would impact EF performance in the Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS). Participants also completed individual difference measures of creativity with an Alternative Uses Task and EF with a Backward Digit Span Working Memory Task and Delay of Gratification Inhibition Task. Although we failed to find a relationship between creativity in the Alternative Uses Task and our EF measures (rs < .25, ps > .10), we found evidence to suggest the effects of a creative color manipulation differed by individual differences in creativity. Those who were low in certain creative components like the ability to switch between categories (p = .03 and p = .08), generate a number of unique ideas (p = .03 and p = .04), and originality (p = .01) seemed to perform better when allowed to freely color before the DCCS compared to other conditions. Those who performed higher in creative measures generally did not benefit from a creative manipulation before the task. This suggests that a more nuanced examination of the relationship between creativity and EF considering possible experimental manipulations, multiple components, and individual differences may be useful in understanding the relationship between these 2 constructs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Creativity and Executive Function in School-Age Children: Effects of Creative Coloring and Individual Creativity on an Executive Function Sorting Task

Crenshaw¹,

Miller²

2022

PsiChiJournal

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“…Most of the work examining gender differences in empathy focus on the experiencer and find that women report greater empathy than men (e.g., Christov-Moore et al, 2014;Clarke, Marks, & Lykins, 2016). Though there is less work examining target gender differences, what there is indicates women receive more empathy than men (Oswald, 2000;Stuijfzand et al, 2016), in line with benevolent sexism (Glick & Fiske, SOCIAL DOMINANCE ORIENTATION AND EMPATHY 41 1996) and the general tendency to see women as morally superior and fundamentally pure (and perhaps therefore more deserving of empathy) than men (Eagly & Mladinic, 1994;Krys et al, 2018). Although previous research (Cikara et al, 2014) has documented intergroup (counter-) empathy bias between groups using both male and female targets, it is an open question whether SDO's modulation of these emotions will be as strong for female compared to male targets.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preference for hierarchy is associated with reduced empathy and increased counter-empathy towards others, especially out-group targets

Hudson

Cikara

Sidanius

2019

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

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Highlights• SDO predicted decreased empathy and increased counter-empathy in general.• Higher SDO scores were associated with greater intergroup empathy bias.• SDO scores also correlated with greater counter-empathy bias when groups competed. SOCIAL DOMINANCE ORIENTATION AND EMPATHY 3 AbstractThe capacity to empathize with others facilitates prosocial behavior. People's willingness and capacity to empathize, however, is often contingent upon the target's group membership -people are less empathic towards those they categorize as out-group members. In competitive or threatening intergroup contexts, people may even feel pleasure (counter-empathy) in response to out-group members' misfortunes. Social dominance orientation (SDO), or the extent to which people prefer and promote groupbased inequalities, is an ideological variable that is associated with a competitive view of the world, increased prejudicial attitudes, and decreased empathy. Thus, higher levels of SDO should be associated with reduced empathy and increased counter-empathy in general, but especially towards those whose subjugation maintains group inequalities.Across three studies we show that among White individuals, higher SDO levels are associated with less empathy, and more counter-empathy in response to others' good and bad fortunes. More importantly, these reductions in empathy and increases in schadenfreude as a function of SDO were significantly stronger for Asian and Black targets than for in-group White targets when group boundaries were made salient prior to the empathy ratings. Finally, in a fourth study we show that this phenomenon is not dependent upon a history of status differences: higher SDO scores were associated with decreased empathy and increased counter-empathy for competitive out-group (relative to in-group) targets in a novel group setting. We discuss implications of these effects for hierarchy maintenance.

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“…For markers of country-level individualism, we obtained scores of individualism (Hofstede, 2001;Minkov et al, 2017), open society (Krys et al, 2019), affective and intellectual autonomy and embeddedness (Schwartz, 2008); following the formula for aggregating various cross-cultural scores of similar phenomenona (Krys et al, 2018). We also calculated a meta-factor score of individualism which is the mean of standardized values of the above markers of individualism.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Family First: Evidence of Consistency and Variation in the Value of Family Versus Personal Happiness Across 49 Different Cultures

Kryś

Yeung

Haas

et al. 2023

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology

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People care about their own well-being and about the well-being of their families. It is currently, however, unknown how much people tend to value their own versus their family’s well-being. A recent study documented that people value family happiness over personal happiness across four cultures. In this study, we sought to replicate this finding across a larger sample size ( N = 12,819) and a greater number of countries ( N = 49). We found that the strength of the idealization of family over personal happiness preference was small (average Cohen’s ds = .20, range −.02 to.48), but present in 98% of the studied countries, with statistical significance in 73% to 75%, and variance across countries <2%. We also found that the size of this effect did vary somewhat across cultural contexts. In Latin American cultures highest on relational mobility, the idealization of family over personal happiness was very small (average Cohen’s ds for Latin America = .15 and .18), while in Confucian Asia cultures lowest on relational mobility, this effect was closer to medium ( ds > .40 and .30). Importantly, we did not find strong support for traditional theories in cross-cultural psychology that associate collectivism with greater prioritization of the family versus the individual; country-level individualism–collectivism was not associated with variation in the idealization of family versus individual happiness. Our findings indicate that no matter how much various populists abuse the argument of “protecting family life” to disrupt emancipation, family happiness seems to be a pan-culturally phenomenon. Family well-being is a key ingredient of social fabric across the world, and should be acknowledged by psychology and well-being researchers and by progressive movements too.

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Catching up with wonderful women: The women‐are‐wonderful effect is smaller in more gender egalitarian societies

Cited by 19 publications

References 15 publications

Creativity and Executive Function in School-Age Children: Effects of Creative Coloring and Individual Creativity on an Executive Function Sorting Task

Creativity and Executive Function in School-Age Children: Effects of Creative Coloring and Individual Creativity on an Executive Function Sorting Task

Preference for hierarchy is associated with reduced empathy and increased counter-empathy towards others, especially out-group targets

Family First: Evidence of Consistency and Variation in the Value of Family Versus Personal Happiness Across 49 Different Cultures

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