“…Without data on compliance, managers have very little basis for planning enforcement actions, rating the success of compliance efforts, and the design of new interventions (Arias et al, 2015). Over the years, a number of data sources have been used to assess compliance or effectiveness of fishery closures, including: questionnaires and interviews (Bergseth et al, 2015), onboard observer data (Palka et al, 2008), biological surveys (Lewison et al, 2003;Tewfik and Béné, 2004;McClanahan et al, 2009;Diogo et al, 2016), surveys of derelict fishing nets and lines (Williamson et al, 2014), law enforcement records (Mann, 1995), vessel tracks from GPS beacons (Detsis et al, 2012;Öztürk, 2015;Petrossian, 2015), shore based camera images (Lancaster et al, 2017), aerial observations of fishing boats (Haggarty et al, 2016).…”