Catatonia: A Review

Weder, Natalie; Muralee, Sunanda; Penland, Heath R; Tampi, Rajesh R.

doi:10.1080/10401230802017092

Cited by 78 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…1,5,6,23 Both the ICD-10 and the DSM-IV list catatonic schizophrenia as a subtype of schizophrenia; DSM-IV, however, also includes catatonic symptoms in other categories and states that catatonic symptoms occur more frequently in the context of mood disorders than schizophrenia. The ICD-10 contains a category for organic catatonic disorders and also includes ''stupor'' as a feature of several other categories; stupor in the ICD-10 has many features in common with psychomotor disturbances seen in catatonia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catatonic Schizophrenia: A Cohort Prospective Study

Kleinhaus

Harlap

Perrin

et al. 2010

Schizophrenia Bulletin

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Background: In the 20th century, catatonia was usually deemed a subtype of schizophrenia. Recently, the nature and classification of catatonia are being reconsidered. This study is the first to describe catatonia using prospectively collected data and to examine how catatonic schizophrenia differs from, or resembles, other types of schizophrenia. Methods: Data were analyzed in a cohort of 90 079 offspring followed from birth till ages 29-41 years. Proportional hazards models were used, calculating time to first psychiatric hospital admission, to compare risk factors for catatonic schizophrenia vs ''other schizophrenia.'' Results: Of 568 cases of schizophrenia, 43 (7.6%) had catatonic schizophrenia. The sexes were equally at risk for catatonic schizophrenia in contrast to other schizophrenia, for which the incidence was higher in males (1.70, 1.42-2.03, P < .0001). Advancing paternal age had no influence on the risk of catatonic schizophrenia in contrast to other schizophrenia, in which the risk to offspring of fathers age 351 was 1.27 (1.03-1.57, P 5 .03) compared with those of younger fathers. Those with catatonic schizophrenia were somewhat more likely to have older mothers (aged 351) (relative risk 5 2.14, 0.85-5.54) while maternal age was not related to other schizophrenia. Both were equally affected by parental history of schizophrenia. Patients with catatonia were significantly more likely to attempt suicide (P 5 .006). Conclusion: Patients with catatonic schizophrenia show a somewhat different profile of risk factors from those with other types of schizophrenia in this cohort and are more likely to attempt suicide. This lends some support to the hypothesis that catatonic schizophrenia may have a distinct etiology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catatonic Schizophrenia: A Cohort Prospective Study

Kleinhaus

Harlap

Perrin

et al. 2010

Schizophrenia Bulletin

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“….). 1,2 En las últimas décadas, la incidencia de la catatonia se ha visto reducida, y se cree que ello en parte es debido a un infra-diagnóstico de dicho síndrome, lo que hace pensar que los profesionales no lo tenemos presente. 3 Cabe recordar que en algunos casos puede llegar a causar la muerte, por lo que es muy importante realizar un diagnóstico precoz para aplicar lo antes posible el tratamiento adecuado.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…3 Cabe recordar que en algunos casos puede llegar a causar la muerte, por lo que es muy importante realizar un diagnóstico precoz para aplicar lo antes posible el tratamiento adecuado. [2][3][4] …”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la catatonia: a propósito de un caso

Costa

Filippo

Enjuanes³

2013

Psiquiatría Biológica

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“…Catatonia is a very serious, potentially lethal condition that is not easy to study using well-controlled designs. The review articles indicated general agreement that benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy are the treatments of choice for acute and maintenance treatment of catatonia (Carroll et al 2007 ;Manjunatha et al 2007 ;Ungvari et al 2001 ;Weder et al 2008 ) . The benefi cial use of benzodiazepines to treat catatonia has been described in some patients with IDs (Dent 1995 ;Fink et al 2006 ;Gaind et al 1994 ;Kakooza-Mwesige et al 2008 ) .…”

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confidence: 96%

A Practitioner’s Guide to Prescribing Diazepam for Adults with Intellectual Disabilities

León

2012

A Practitioner's Guide to Prescribing Antiepileptics and Mood Stabilizers for Adults With Intellectual Disabilities

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We developed this diazepam guideline using drug prescribing information and reviewing the available literature on relevant neuropsychiatric disorders in populations without intellectual disabilities because of the dearth of available literature on the population with intellectual disabilities. This guideline includes indications; contraindications; assessments prior to and during treatment; dosing with particular focus on dosing modifi cations required by drug-drug interactions, personal characteristics, or genetic variants; and adverse drug reactions. The procedures contained in this guideline may not fully account for all of the possible risks of treatment in this population because of the limited studies available; thus, there will be a need to periodically update this guideline as new information becomes available. Nevertheless, we believe that this guideline provides a useful resource for clinicians who treat epilepsy, anxiety, or catatonia in adult individuals with intellectual disabilities. A diazepam drug utilization review that summarizes this guideline is described. IntroductionDiazepam is a benzodiazepine available in generic formulations in the USA. Benzodiazepines act mainly by binding to γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptors and increasing their affi nity to GABA (allosteric modulators; Reynolds 2008 ) which probably explains their antiepileptic properties (Rogwaski and Löscher 2004 ) . It appears that endogenous compounds with similar properties to benzodiazepines are found in mammalian brains (Sand et al. 2000 ) . Diazepam is metabolized by two cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes, CYP2C19 and CYP3A. Oral diazepam is rarely used as an oral antiepileptic despite its approval as an adjunct treatment. Injectable and rectal forms are described in Chap. 23 . An antiepileptic guideline for individuals with intellectual disabilities (IDs) suggested that longterm benzodiazepine use in generalized seizures should only occur when other measures have been attempted and failed because benzodiazepines are associated . Due to limited information, this recommendation was based on uncontrolled studies and expert consensus. In psychiatry, chronic oral benzodiazepines, including diazepam, are frequently used for anxiety and other unlabeled uses. Benzodiazepines are frequently used in individuals with IDs for psychiatric or antiepileptic indications, but their behavioral adverse drug reactions (ADRs) appear to be overlooked and underrecognized (Kalachnik et al. 2002 ) . The Appendix describes the diazepam drug utilization review that summarizes this guideline. Indications for Use AnxietyDiazepam is approved for the management of anxiety disorders or for the short-term relief of anxiety symptoms (Roche Products Inc. 2008 ) . The effectiveness of diazepam for more than 4 months has not been assessed in systematic clinical studies (Roche Products Inc. 2008 ) . Benzodiazepines were approved many years ago before current psychiatric diagnostics were used. The American Psychiatric Association (APA) guideline for pa...

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Catatonia: A Review

Abstract: Catatonia is a common disorder that occurs in a wide variety of psychiatric, neurological and medical conditions. At the current time, there is sufficient evidence to consider it as a specific nosologic syndrome with different subtypes and treatment responses.

Cited by 78 publications

References 95 publications

Catatonic Schizophrenia: A Cohort Prospective Study

Catatonic Schizophrenia: A Cohort Prospective Study

Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la catatonia: a propósito de un caso

A Practitioner’s Guide to Prescribing Diazepam for Adults with Intellectual Disabilities

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