Catastrophic Mass Mortality of Marine Animals and Coincident Phytoplankton Bloom on the West Coast of Florida, November 1946 to August 1947

Gunter, Gordon; Williams, Robert H.; Davis, Charles C.; Smith, F. G. Walton

doi:10.2307/1948575

Cited by 155 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Of these, the fall-winter seasonality of Rhizosolenia cf. setigera and A. glacialis (ϭAsterionella japonica) overlaps with the typical K. brevis bloom season (Curl 1959;Turner and Hopkins 1974;Tester and Steidinger 1997), and R. setigera has been found at high concentrations during K. brevis blooms (Gunter et al 1948). Allelopathy appears to be used by K. brevis against these two competitors and against a third diatom, Amphora sp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4A). The continued dominance of S. costatum in coastal waters and its association with K. brevis blooms in the Gulf of Mexico and the western North Atlantic (Gunter et al 1948;Turner and Tester 1989) may be partly due to its superior competitive ability. Yet the modest suppression of S. costatum by K. brevis had a clearly allelopathic origin: one extracellular filtrate of K. brevis (the only one with appreciable quantities of brevetoxins, contributing 8.8 ng ml Ϫ1 brevetoxins to experimental cultures) inhibited S. costatum at least as much as did live K. brevis (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does the red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis use allelopathy to outcompete other phytoplankton?

Kubanek

Hicks

Naar

et al. 2005

Limnology & Oceanography

127

134

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Monospecific blooms of phytoplankton can disrupt pelagic communities and negatively affect human health and economies. Interspecific competition may play an important role in promoting blooms, and so we tested (1) whether the outcome of competition between the red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis (ex Gymnodinium breve) and 12 cooccurring phytoplankters could be explained by allelopathic effects of compounds released by K. brevis and (2) whether waterborne, lipophilic molecules, including brevetoxins, are involved. Nine of 12 phytoplankton species were suppressed when grown with live K. brevis at bloom concentrations. K. brevis extracellular filtrates or lipophilic extracts of filtrates inhibited six of these nine species, indicating allelopathy. However, these inhibitory effects were weaker than those experienced by competitors exposed to live K. brevis. Brevetoxins at ecologically reasonable waterborne concentrations accounted for the modest inhibition by K. brevis of only one competitor, Skeletonema costatum. The addition of brevetoxins also caused significant autoinhibition, reducing the maximum concentration of K. brevis. Allelopathy is one mechanism by which K. brevis appears to exhibit competitive advantage over some sympatric phytoplankters, although unidentified compounds other than brevetoxins must be involved, in most cases. K. brevis was also susceptible to competitive exclusion by several species, including Odontella aurita and Prorocentrum minimum, known to thrive during K. brevis blooms. Although field experiments are required to assess whether allelopathy plays a fundamental role in bloom dynamics, our results indicate that allelopathy occurs widely but with species-specific consequences.Competition is one of the dominant forces structuring communities, including marine pelagic communities (Hutchinson 1961). The production and release of compounds that inhibit competitors, a process known as allelopathy, is a mechanism of interference competition that is hypothesized to be important among phytoplankton (Smayda 1997), affecting species succession (Keating 1977), especially under eutrophic conditions (Maestrini and Bonin 1981). Allelopathy may be a successful strategy for phytoplankton species that occur in dense blooms, maximizing the concentration of allelopathic compound(s) exposed to competitors and mini-1 Corresponding author (julia.kubanek@biology.gatech.edu). AcknowledgmentsThis research was supported by NSF grant OCE-0134843 to J.K. M.K.H. was supported as a summer undergraduate research assistant by the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation Environmental Chemistry Program. Nutrient analyses were funded by NOAA MERHAB grant MER 02-627A to T.A.V., and ELISA analyses were funded by COP-NOAA MERHAB, NIEHS PO1 ES10594-03, and the CDC-FDOH U50/CCU423360-01 to J.N. We thank P. Tester, R. Pierce, M. Hay, and E. Litchman for advice in planning experiments and two anonymous reviewers for suggestions that improved the manuscript. We also thank E. Prince, A. Prusak, E. John, D. Collins, and A....

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does the red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis use allelopathy to outcompete other phytoplankton?

Kubanek

Hicks

Naar

et al. 2005

Limnology & Oceanography

127

134

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“…Symptoms include acute gastrointestinal distress and neurological disorders (Steidinger & Baden 1984, Baden et al 1995. Aerosolized brevetoxins are also responsible for triggering respiratory distress in humans and marine mammals, and through various routes of exposure, they are the cause of mass mortality events of fish, seabirds, and marine mammals (Gunter et al 1948, Forrester et al 1977, Flewelling et al 2005.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity and nutritional inadequacy of Karenia brevis: synergistic mechanisms disrupt top-down grazer control

Waggett¹,

Hardison²,

Tester³

2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Zooplankton grazers are capable of influencing food-web dynamics by exerting topdown control over phytoplankton prey populations. Certain toxic or unpalatable algal species have evolved mechanisms to disrupt grazer control, thereby facilitating the formation of massive, monospecific blooms. The harmful algal bloom (HAB)-forming dinoflagellate Karenia brevis has been associated with lethal and sublethal effects on zooplankton that may offer both direct and indirect support of bloom formation and maintenance. Reductions in copepod grazing on K. brevis have been attributed to acute physiological incapacitation and nutritional inadequacy. To evaluate the potential toxicity or nutritional inadequacy of K. brevis, food removal and egg production experiments were conducted using the copepod Acartia tonsa and K. brevis strains CCMP 2228, Wilson, and SP-1, characterized using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) as having high, low, and no brevetoxin levels, respectively. Variable grazing rates were found in experiments involving mixtures of toxic CCMP 2228 and Wilson strains. However, in experiments with toxic CCMP 2228 and non-toxic SP-1 strains, A. tonsa grazed SP-1 at significantly higher rates than the toxic alternative. Additionally, A. tonsa experienced significantly greater mortality when exposed to toxic K. brevis strains, particularly after prolonged exposure. Egg production rates of copepods fed toxic K. brevis strains were similar to those of starved copepods, while those of copepods fed non-toxic SP-1 and the nutritious Rhodomonas salina were significantly higher. Analysis indicates that K. brevis impacts grazer populations via multiple synergistic mechanisms: (1) decreased ingestion rates, (2) decreased egg production, and (3) increased mortality of copepods through a combination of toxicity and nutritional inadequacy.

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“…Catastrophic death of fishes off Florida has also been attributed to blooms of dinoflagellates (Gunter, William, Davis, and Smith, 1948) by either poisoning or suffocation.…”

Section: Epipelagic Zonementioning

confidence: 99%

The Sea off Southern California: A Modern Habitat of Petroleum

Shepard¹,

Emery²

1961

Geographical Review

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Catastrophic Mass Mortality of Marine Animals and Coincident Phytoplankton Bloom on the West Coast of Florida, November 1946 to August 1947

Cited by 155 publications

References 6 publications

Does the red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis use allelopathy to outcompete other phytoplankton?

Does the red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis use allelopathy to outcompete other phytoplankton?

Toxicity and nutritional inadequacy of Karenia brevis: synergistic mechanisms disrupt top-down grazer control

The Sea off Southern California: A Modern Habitat of Petroleum

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