Catastrophic environmental transition at the Permian-Triassic Neo-Tethyan margin of Gondwanaland: Geochemical, isotopic and sedimentological evidence in the Spiti Valley, India

Ghosh, Nilotpal; Basu, Asish R.; Bhargava, O. N.; Shukla, Uma Kant; Ghatak, Arundhuti; Garzione, Carmala N.; Ahluwalia, A. D.

doi:10.1016/j.gr.2015.04.006

Cited by 32 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 90 publications

(68 reference statements)

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“…Other Late Permian sections that were deposited in deep shelf environments, i.e. Tulong (South Tibet), Spiti (India) (Ghosh et al ., ) and Manang (Nepal) (Garzanti et al ., ), also show evidence of a rapid regression at the end of Permian.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A broad, passive margin with a slow subsidence rate developed on the northern margin of peri‐Gondwana during the initial breakup of Gondwana (Liu & Einsele, ), and extensive dolomitic wackestone with sparse pelagic bivalves, crinoids and ostracods was deposited (Garzanti et al ., , ). Sections from South Tibet (China), Spiti (India) (Ghosh et al ., ), Manang (Nepal) (Garzanti et al ., ; Yoshida et al ., ) and the Salt Range (Pakistan) (Hermann et al ., ) provide data to reconstruct the sedimentary framework of the northern margin of peri‐Gondwana.…”

Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Facies and evolution of the carbonate factory during the Permian–Triassic crisis in South Tibet, China

Song

Woods

et al. 2019

Sedimentology

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The nature of Phanerozoic carbonate factories is strongly controlled by the composition of carbonate-producing faunas. During the Permian-Triassic mass extinction interval there was a major change in tropical shallow platform facies: Upper Permian bioclastic limestones are characterized by benthic communities with significant richness, for example, calcareous algae, fusulinids, brachiopods, corals, molluscs and sponges, while lowermost Triassic carbonates shift to dolomicrite-dominated and bacteria-dominated microbialites in the immediate aftermath of the Permian-Triassic mass extinction. However, the spatial-temporal pattern of carbonates distribution in high latitude regions in response to the Permian-Triassic mass extinction has received little attention. Facies and evolutionary patterns of a carbonate factory from the northern margin of peri-Gondwana (palaeolatitude ca 40°S) are presented here based on four Permian-Triassic boundary sections that span proximal, inner to distal, and outer ramp settings from South Tibet. The results show that a cool-water bryozoan-dominated and echinodermdominated carbonate ramp developed in the Late Permian in South Tibet. This was replaced abruptly, immediately after the Permian-Triassic mass extinction, by a benthic automicrite factory with minor amounts of calcifying metazoans developed in an inner/middle ramp setting, accompanied by transient subaerial exposure. Subsequently, an extensive homoclinal carbonate ramp developed in South Tibet in the Early Triassic, which mainly consists of homogenous dolomitic lime mudstone/wackestone that lacks evidence of metazoan frame-builders. The sudden transition from a cool-water, heterozoan dominated carbonate ramp to a warm-water, metazoan-free, homoclinal carbonate ramp following the Permian-Triassic mass extinction was the result of the combination of the loss of metazoan reef/mound builders, rapid sea-level changes across Permian-Triassic mass extinction and profound global warming during the Early Triassic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facies and evolution of the carbonate factory during the Permian–Triassic crisis in South Tibet, China

Song

Woods

et al. 2019

Sedimentology

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“…The Spiti sections are perhaps the most thoroughly studied Permian-Triassic sections in the Himalaya (see Ghosh et al, 2016 for bibliography),but published geochemical studies are limited to a few metres above and below the Permian-Triassic boundary (Williams et al, 2012;Ghosh et al, 2016). The most thoroughly studied Mud section was used as an example (Figure 26).…”

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Palaeoenvironments and elemental geochemistry across the marine Permo‐Triassic boundary section, Guryul Ravine (Kashmir, India) and a comparison with other North Indian passive margin sections

Brookfield

Stebbins

Williams

et al. 2019

The Depositional Record

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The Guryul Permian-Triassic sediments were deposited on a passive margin in a partially enclosed basin, at a latitude of about 45°S along the southern margin of the Neotethys Ocean. The closest modern analogy is the Japan Sea rotated into a southern hemisphere orientation. Guryul element variations are subdued, mostly lithological, and take place across the change from the dominantly sandy shallow-water Permian Zewan Formation into the dominantly shaly deeper-water latest Permian-Triassic Khunamuh Formation, and not at the palaeontological Permian-Triassic boundary.The overall geochemistry of the Guryul sediments is very similar to that of the Ulleung Basin in the Japan Sea, where the sediments are 40%-60% eolian from loess and redeposited loess in the North China Basin. The overall Guryul geochemistry indicates that the sediments were derived from dominantly silica-rich continental rather than silica-poor sources although with some more silica-poor inputs at times. Element ratios suggest increasing aridity and wind abrasion across the Permian-Triassic boundary. Various geochemical redox proxies suggest mainly oxic depositional conditions, with episodes of anoxia, but with little systematic variation across the extinction boundary. Productivity proxies suggest a slight decrease across the Permian-Triassic boundary, and at least one more decreased interval in the Early Triassic. The similar geochemistry of other localities indicate that the Guryul geochemical changes are regional in extent and representative of the North Indian Permian-Triassic passive margin. The lack of consistent element geochemical changes across the boundary accompanied by significant C, S, and other isotopic changes suggests that atmospheric and oceanic chemistry rather than physical changes, such as provenance, climate and sea-level changes, drove the Permian-Triassic environmental changes and extinctions at least on the mid-latitude Tethyan shelf of northern India. K E Y W O R D S Extinction, geochemistry, Kashmir, Permian-Triassic 76 | BROOKFIELD Et aL. F I G U R E 1 Late Permian palaeogeography (courtesy of Chris Scotese): Early Triassic "dead zone" from Sun et al. (2012); Winds from Kiehl and Shields (2005). Locations of cited Permo-Triassic boundary section in open circles with names in bold face 78 | BROOKFIELD Et aL. F I G U R E 8 Biostratigraphy of the Guryul Permian-Triassic boundary section showing stratigraphic range of fossils and number of species in each subdivision (data from Nakazawa et al., 1975). Bryo -bryozoans. Gastr -gastropods. Note that there is little extinction at the Zewan-Khunamuh Formation boundary and the main extinction (and new species appearance) is at the FAD of Hindeodus parvus, and the first inferred anoxic level marked by pyrite framboids.

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“…In other areas, a break between Wuchiapingian and the Triassic is recorded. In Spiti,the late Changhsingian is absent (Ghosh et al, 2016)and the break is demonstrated by a ferruginous layer (Bhargava and Bassi, 1998). There are evidences of wildfires in the late Permian (Changhsingian) Zewan Formation (Jasper et al, 2016) and also of tsunamis (Brookfield et al, 2013).…”

Section: Permianmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geological evolution of the Tethys Himalaya

Singh

2020

Episodes

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Rifting during the late Precambrian created the Tethyan basin in which the sedimentation continued up to Middle Cambrian (Cambrian Series 3). Onset of the late Cambrian-lower Ordovician Kurgiakh orogeny terminated the sedimentation and also deformed the late Precambrian and Cambrian sediments. A shallow marine transgression during the lowermiddle Ordovician resumed the sedimentation with a prominent conglomerate horizon. The conglomerate horizon is absent in the Byans (Kalapani) and Bhutan sectors. The lower Ordovician siliciclastic sediments are succeeded by siliciclastic-algal-coral buildups during the Katian, indicating deepening of the basin; at this juncture the Bhutan and Byans areas too were submerged. There was another subaerial break around the Wenlock, which extended up to the early Devonian. Shallow sea returned in the early-middle Devonian, manifested by the Muth Formation in the western Himalaya. The sea level relatively rose in the Givatian, heralding the siliclastic-carbonate sedimentation that continued upto the Tournaisian. In majority of the areas, there is a hiatus at the end of the Tournaisian. In the distal parts of Spiti-Zanskar sub-basin and Kashmir, however, the sedimentation continued up to Visean/ Serpukhovian. In Spiti-Zanskar, a late Carboniferousearly Permian diamictite horizon is present. The diamictites are assigned glacial origin by many workers. The areas where the sedimentation had ceased during the Tournaisian, witnessed a marine transgression during the Asselian-Sakmarian. It was followedby outpouring of the 289 Ma Panjal Volcanics in parts of Kashmir, Zanskar and Lahaul. The 289 Ma interval represented by abreak between the Sakmarian and the Wuchiapingian sediments in the areas where the Panjal volcanics are absent. The Wuchiapingian transgression was extensive;

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Catastrophic environmental transition at the Permian-Triassic Neo-Tethyan margin of Gondwanaland: Geochemical, isotopic and sedimentological evidence in the Spiti Valley, India

Cited by 32 publications

References 90 publications

Facies and evolution of the carbonate factory during the Permian–Triassic crisis in South Tibet, China

Facies and evolution of the carbonate factory during the Permian–Triassic crisis in South Tibet, China

Palaeoenvironments and elemental geochemistry across the marine Permo‐Triassic boundary section, Guryul Ravine (Kashmir, India) and a comparison with other North Indian passive margin sections

Geological evolution of the Tethys Himalaya

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