Catalytic Synthesis of Energy‐rich Fuel Additive Levulinate Esters from Levulinic Acid using Modified Ultra‐stable Zeolite Y

Abstract

In the present investigation, the esterification reaction of levulinic acid with ethanol was performed using sulfuric acid‐modified zeolite Y catalyst to synthesize ethyl levulinate. Characterization of zeolite catalysts was performed using SEM‐EDS, XRD, and FTIR techniques. The experiments were performed to find the optimum reaction parameters to obtain the maximum yield of 96 % of the product, levulinate ester by varying catalyst concentration (2–12 wt %), levulinic acid to ethanol mole ratio (1 : 1 to 1 : 13), reaction temperature (40 °C–100 °C). The esterification of levulinic acid with ethanol followed pseudo‐first‐order reaction kinetics. The activation energy for this reaction was found to be 19.570 KJmol−1.

Synthesis of glycerol carbonate using Li/Mg/K modified zeolite beta: a kinetic study

“…The peak at 530.6 eV corresponds to the Li-O linkage, the peak at 531.2 eV confirms the presence of the lattice form of oxygen of the zeolite and the peak at 532.1 eV corresponds to the hydroxyl group. 61 The peaks in Fig. 7e 3.2.…”

“…The peak at 530.6 eV corresponds to the Li–O linkage, the peak at 531.2 eV confirms the presence of the lattice form of oxygen of the zeolite and the peak at 532.1 eV corresponds to the hydroxyl group. 61 The peaks in Fig. 7e at 102.1 and 102.6 eV are the lattice form of Si 2p, which corresponds to Li x SiO y and the Si–O–Si linkage, respectively.…”

Enhanced Catalytic Activity for Levulinic Acid Esterification Using Covalent Organic Framework Heterogenized Heteropolyacids

“…In recent years, the synthesis of alkyl levulinates has attracted an enormous amount of attention. Conventionally, the esterification of LA with alcohols is carried out using homogeneous acid catalysts, such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, and heteropoly acids. − However, due to their toxic and corrosive nature, these homogeneous acids may cause environmental problems in disposal and are difficult to separate and recycle. With respect to these concerns, recyclable strong solid acids which are industrially greener catalysts are regarded as replacement for conventional liquid acid catalysts for the esterification process.…”