“…28 The objective of designing such catalysts is to ensure that they exhibit high activity, selectivity, and stability in realistic reaction conditions, while simultaneously minimizing any unwanted side reactions. 29 Overall, catalysts play a crucial role in advancing energy conversion technologies, leading to more efficient and sustainable energy processes. 30 This review focuses on the significance of catalysts in various thermochemical energy conversion processes, including pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization, hydrothermal liquefaction, hydrothermal gasification, biomass chemical looping gasification, and the Fischer-Tropsch process.…”