Catalytic Role of Refractory Interstellar Grain Analogs on H2 Formation

Abstract

Refractory dust grains have an important role to play in the chemistry of star and planet-forming regions. Their surfaces interact with interstellar gas and act as a catalyst for the formation of simple and complex molecules in space. Several mechanisms have been invoked to explain how molecular hydrogen is formed in reactions on dust grain surfaces in different regions of space. In this article, we give an overview of our understanding of the laboratory experiments, conducted over the last 20 years, that deal with H2 formation on interstellar grain analogs in space simulated conditions.

Systems Astrochemistry: A New Doctrine for Experimental Studies

“…In the ISM, ices are adsorbed to carbonaceous or silicate dust grains with a highly irregular morphology containing steps, pores, cracks, and terraces (Dulieu et al, 2013;van Dishoeck 2014). This highly irregular morphology is thought to aid in the formation of astrochemical species through surface-catalyzed processes (Mendoza et al, 2004;Potapov et al, 2019;Suhasaria and Mennella 2021). In laboratory investigations of the chemistry occurring within interstellar ices, however, ices are usually deposited onto flat surfaces used for transmission or reflection spectroscopy (e.g., gold, zinc selenide, magnesium fluoride, etc.).…”

Nano-Domains of Nuclear Magnetic Moments for Gravitational Stimulation of Biological Processes

“…Other examples of this include: biomolecules and life [10], lightning by nanoice particles (H2O) [7], unconventional nuclear reactions ( 1 H and Ni and Pd) [11], interstellar dust formations of stars (H atoms and interstellar dust) [12], [13]; CVD diamond formation via C atoms in (p + ) plasma clouds [14]; isotopic fractionations [15]; isotopic violations of second law of thermodynamics via NMMs on subnanosizes [16]; internal gravitational heating earth's core and mantle [17]; motional induced error during DNA replication [8]; enzymatics [10], catalysis [18], superconductivity [19]; strange metals [ 9]; anomalous muon magnetic moment on earth [20] and more...…”

“…Such gravitational fields in hidden ways stimulate novel chemistry, optics, thermodynamics, transport, and transmutations within the nanobaths and of the nanobaths. In these effects of gravity on life, the author discloses that gravity is a force that caused the organization of life on earth by self-activation of clustering of organic molecules forming biomolecules having elements with stable isotopes of nonzero NMMs like: 1 H, 2 D, 13 C, 14 N, 15 N, 17 O, 25 Mg, 31 P and 33 S and other elements in essential minerals having nonzero NMMs. This notion is not proven but follows from the author's theory.…”

“…New way of using fractional fissing and fusing with LeChatelier Principle is given by the author. 14 N can compensate for 15 N. There is no stable isotope of negative NMM for C to compensate for 13 C incorporation. Although recently scientists observed the ability of unstable 11 C (with negative NMM) in 11 CO2 to directly insert into carbonates unlike 12 C (with null NMM) and 13 C (with positive NMM) [25].…”

“…14 N can compensate for 15 N. There is no stable isotope of negative NMM for C to compensate for 13 C incorporation. Although recently scientists observed the ability of unstable 11 C (with negative NMM) in 11 CO2 to directly insert into carbonates unlike 12 C (with null NMM) and 13 C (with positive NMM) [25]. There is no stable isotope of positive NMM of O to counter by LeChatelier Principle the negative NMMs as 17 O is deposited within systems.…”