IntroductionEnergy crisis and environmental deterioration are by-products of industrialisation. As a remedy, photo-catalysis has been widely employed to deal with air and water treatment. [1] It is known that anatase titania (TiO 2 ) is a promising photo-catalytic candidate material owing to its photo-stability, non-toxicity, relatively high catalytic performance and low cost. [2] However, anatase TiO 2 suffers from rapid electron-hole recombination, which leads to low photo-catalytic efficiency. [3] Moreover, TiO 2 has a wide band gap (3.2 eV) and is only active under UV-light irradiation, although UV radiation only makes up 5 % of normal sunlight. [4] To use sunlight to activate TiO 2 , measures have to be taken to broaden visible-light harvesting and retard the recombination process of electron-hole pairs for anatase after their generation. Some approaches such as non-metal doping, [5] metal doping, [6] coupled semiconductor [7] and noblemetal-based composites [2a, 8] have been investigated. In addition, mesoporous hollow TiO 2 structures with high crystallinity and surface areas, [2b,c] TiO 2 nanorod, [1b] and TiO 2 nanotubes, [9] were prepared in an effort to enhance mass transfer between the active sites and to favour isolation between active sites of the catalyst and the dye molecules.Recently, photo-catalysts containing carbon components have attracted a great deal of attention owing to their superior adsorption ability for pollutants in addition to their photo-catalytic activities. [4,10] For example, an activated carbon (AC) component with a porous structure can provide a large specific surface area for adsorption and, at the same time, serves as a support to the catalyst. [11] This type of product will increase catalyst adsorption performance to pollutants as well as facilitate mass transfer during the photo-catalytic reaction. Another example is that owing to the unique electric and structural properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which have high conductivity, large specific surface area and strong adsorption capability. CNTs were considered to be suitable dopants for the catalyst to enhance photo-catalysis. [4] One interesting report was that CNTs had a large electron-storage capacity (one electron per 32 carbon atoms), and thus, could serve as excellent electron acceptors. [12] Xu et al. synthesised CNT/TiO 2 nanocomposites, which were utilised to degrade gas-phase benzene, by using a simple impregnation method. [13] The functions of CNTs were multi-fold, for example, one CNT could act as electron traps to prolong the lifetime of the created electron-hole pairs and the other acted a dispersing agent to control the morphology of the nanocomposite. The formation of TiÀC and TiÀ OÀC bonds on the surface of CNT-TiO 2 film would narrow the Activated carbon, graphene, carbon nanotubes and fullerene were incorporated into TiO 2 by a solvothermal approach and thermal annealing to produce carbon materials-TiO 2 hybrid nanostructures. The carbon materials-TiO 2 products were characterised by using SEM, ...