Catalytic performance of ion-exchanged montmorillonite with quaternary ammonium salts for the glycerolysis of urea

Kinetics of the production of glycerol carbonate by transesterification of glycerol with dimethyl and ethylene carbonate using potassium methoxide, a highly active catalyst

“…Several methods have been studied to obtain this product, including: direct addition of CO [17] and CO 2 to glycerol [18,19], addition of CO 2 to glycidol [20] or glycerolysis of urea [21,22]. Very recently, simultaneous production of GC and biodiesel has been attained by means of the transesterification of triglycerides present in oils of different origin with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) [23][24][25].…”

Incorporation of CO2 into carbonates through carboxylation/hydration reaction

“…Ionic liquids were considered as environmentally benign media for catalytic processes or chemical extraction; hence, various quaternary ammonium salt (QX) ionic liquids immobilized onto montmorillonite clay were tested for the carboxylation of urea and glycerol. The experimental results indicated that, by increasing the alkyl chain length of the ammonium salts, the yield of GC was improved, which was due to the strengthening of its electron‐donating ability by the alkyl group . The catalytic performance of a polystyrene‐supported, zinc‐containing imidazolium salt catalyst, namely PS‐(Im) 2 ZnI 2 , was investigated in the synthesis of GC from glycerol and urea under mild conditions.…”

“…The experimental results indicated that, by increasing the alkyl chain length of the ammonium salts, the yield of GC was improved, which was due to the strengthening of its electron-donating ability by the alkyl group. 153 The catalytic performance of a polystyrene-supported, zinc-containing imidazolium salt catalyst, namely PS-(Im) 2 ZnI 2 , was investigated in the synthesis of GC from glycerol and urea under mild conditions. The well balanced acid-base properties might be responsible for the better catalytic activity.…”

Novel Bifunctional Zn–Sn Composite Oxide Catalyst for the Selective Synthesis of Glycerol Carbonate by Carbonylation of Glycerol with Urea

“…Sn-W mixed metal oxides, [10] La 2 O 3 , [11] Co 3 O 4 /ZnO, [12] Au/ Fe 2 O 3 , [13] Sm 0.6 TPA, [14] Zn 1 TPA, [15] ZnSn(OH) 6 , [16] Zn-exchanged zeolites, [17] Zn/MCM-41, [18] and quaternary ammonium ion exchanged montmorillonite. [19] Among them, the zinc based catalysts have shown ap romising activity because of their Lewis acidic nature. Notably,t he catalyst with ac ombination of Lewis acid and base sites showedb etter performance yieldingh igh amount of glycerol carbonate.…”