“…The use of heterogeneous nanomaterials as a catalyst offers an innovative pathway for production and exploitation of biodiesel. Other oxide catalysts such as Cs-Ca/TiO 2 -SiO 2 [19], SiO 2 [20], ZnO [21], Ca/Sn [22], MgO [23] KF/CaO [24], Cd/Sn [25],SiO 2 /TiO 2 [26] and so forth were also used in an effective manner. The catalysts, after the reaction, maintain their physical and chemical properties, and it can be reused without significant deactivation [14].…”