Catalytic-Level Identification of Prepared Pt/HY, Pt-Zn/HY, and Pt-Rh/HY Nanocatalysts on the Reforming Reactions of N-Heptane

Hamied, Ramzy S.; Sukkar, Khalid A.; Majdi, Hasan Shakir; Shnain, Zainab Y.; Graish, Mohammed Shorbaz; Mahmood, Luma H.

doi:10.3390/pr11010270

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Temperatures that are greater than what is required to maintain equilibrium can increase the amount of hydrocracking and also the carbon formation on the catalyst [4]. The Universal Oil Products Penex™ unit consists of two series reactors, the first reactor hydrogenated all the benzene rings in the light straight-run naphtha feed, and a few conversions of methyl cyclopentane (MCP) and cyclohexane (CH) to hexanes, as well as some hydrocracking, occur for heptane components to C3 and C4 [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic Modeling of Light Naphtha Hydroisomerization in an Industrial Universal Oil Products Penex™ Unit

Hamied¹,

Shakor²,

Sadeiq³

et al. 2023

Energy Engineering

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Recently, the isomerization of light naphtha has been increasingly significant in assisting refiners in meeting sternness specifications for gasoline. Isomerization process provides refiners with the advantage of reducing sulfur, olefin, and benzene in the gasoline basin without significantly victimizing the octane. The mathematical modeling of a chemical reaction is a critical tool due to it can used to optimize the experimental data to estimate the optimum operating conditions for industrial reactors. This paper describes light naphtha isomerization reactions over a Pt/Al 2 O 3 -Cl catalyst at the Al-Dura Oil Refinery (Baghdad, Iraq) using a newly developed universal mathematical model. The proposed kinetic model involves 117 isomerization reactions and 90 cracking reactions to describe 52 real components graded from methane to n-octane. A Genetic Algorithm stochastic optimization technique applied in MATLAB R2020a software was employed to estimate the optimal set of kinetic parameters. The calculated activation energies for hydrocracking reactions was found to be higher than the other reactions because of hydrocracking reactions occur at higher range of temperatures. By benchmarking between the experimental and theoretical results for all 117 data sets, the mean absolute error was obtained to be 0.00360 for all 52 components. Also, a positive effect of increasing reaction temperatures was recognized on enhancing the research octane number (RON).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic Modeling of Light Naphtha Hydroisomerization in an Industrial Universal Oil Products Penex™ Unit

Hamied¹,

Shakor²,

Sadeiq³

et al. 2023

Energy Engineering

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“…However, the addition of fly ash or silica and mineral materials can enhance the workability and flow specifications of a concrete mixture. The addition of these materials will reduce shrinkage in a concrete structure and enhance the strength and hardening of the UHPC and HPC [21][22][23][24][25][26]. Also, such materials can increase the concrete's resistance against sulfate attack problems and the extension of alkali-aggregate activity [19,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The major benefits of the addition of green materials to concrete are reducing the cement amount, reducing environmental pollution, producing efficient concrete for high stress loads, and lowering the economic cost. Usually, green additions to UHPC include fine sand, quartz, metakaolin, and silica fume [22,36]. Other materials may be also added to UHPC, such as fly ash, waste concrete, waste glass, polymers (polypropylene), and stainless-steel wires [47].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Performance Evaluation of UHPC and HPC Using Eco-Friendly Additions as Substitute Cementitious Materials with Low Cost

2023

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Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) and high-performance concrete (HPC) are widely used in construction engineering applications. The quality and economy of this type of concrete are the main challenges in real construction systems due to their expensive cost. In the present investigation, the performances of UHPC and HPC were improved using eco-friendly additives from natural sources or industrial wastes. Accordingly, different kinds of concrete mixtures were prepared with the addition of various eco-friendly materials, such as metakaolin (10, 15, and 20%), silica fume (2.5, 5, 10, and 15%), cement kiln dust (CKD) (0, 5, and 10%), and 1 vol.% of steel and polypropylene fibers. All of these materials were subjected to efficient treatment and purification processes. The results indicated that the prepared UHPC was characterized by high compression and flexural strengths. The prepared UHPC (sample CR-2) with metakaolin (10%), CKD (10%), and 1 vol.% of steel fibers provided the highest compressive strength of 135 MPa at 28 days. Moreover, the results showed that reducing the cement amounts to 750, 500, and 250 kg/m3 provided concrete with efficient structural requirements and specifications and can be characterized as UHPC and HPC. Also, the mixture (sample CM15) with a metakaolin addition of 15%, CKD of 100 kg/m3, and 1 vol.% of steel fibers showed the highest flexural strength of 19.14 MPa at 28 d. Moreover, the highest splitting tensile strength of the prepared UHPC cylinders was 9.6 MPa at 28 d for the MSS1000 sample, which consisted of 15% metakaolin, a cement content of 1000 kg/m3, silica fume of 10%, and steel fibers of 1% vol. The prepared UHPC mixtures will reduce the amount of consumed cement and the production cost, with a high performance in comparison to classical concrete. Finally, it was clear that the prepared UHPC and HPC concrete with green additions can serve efficiently in specific construction applications, with high performance, economic feasibility, and safe environmental impacts.

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“…All of these factors provide limited mass transfer in the liquid-phase reaction inside a BCR. Hence, it is necessary to identify the various superficial ozone gas velocities and evaluate their effect on the reactor's performance [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54]. Therefore, the main objective of the present work is to enhance the ozonation reaction to attain a high phenol removal from the wastewater when using an ozonized packed BCR, as well as to evaluate the influence of the hydrodynamic behavior and packing material on the reactor's performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combining α-Al2O3 Packing Material and a ZnO Nanocatalyst in an Ozonized Bubble Column Reactor to Increase the Phenol Degradation from Wastewater

Majhool,

Sukkar,

Alsaffar

2023

Processes

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The ozonation reaction in a bubble column reactor (BCR) has been widely used in the removal of phenol from wastewater, but the phenol removal efficiency in this type of reactor is limited because of low ozone solubility and reactivity in the system. In the present study, the phenol degradation in the BCR was enhanced by using α-Al2O3 as a packing material and a ZnO nanocatalyst. The reactor diameter and height were 8 cm and 180 cm, respectively. The gas distributor was designed to include 52 holes of a 0.5 mm diameter. Also, the gas holdup, pressure drop, and bubble size were measured as a function of the superficial gas velocity (i.e., 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 cm/s). The evaluation of the hydrodynamic parameters provided a deeper understanding of the ozonation process through which to select the optimal operating parameters in the reactor. It was found that the best superficial gas velocity was 2.5 cm/s. A complete (100%) phenol removal was achieved for phenol concentrations of 15, 20, and 25 ppm at reaction times of 80, 90, and 100 min, respectively; this was achieved by using α-Al2O3 packing material and a ZnO nanocatalyst in the BCR. Additionally, a reaction kinetics study was conducted to describe the ozonation reaction in BCR. The first-order reaction assumption clearly describes the reaction kinetics with an R2 = 0.991. Finally, the applied treatment method can be used to efficiently remove phenol from wastewater at a low cost, with a small consumption of energy and a simple operation.

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Catalytic-Level Identification of Prepared Pt/HY, Pt-Zn/HY, and Pt-Rh/HY Nanocatalysts on the Reforming Reactions of N-Heptane

Cited by 9 publications

References 46 publications

Kinetic Modeling of Light Naphtha Hydroisomerization in an Industrial Universal Oil Products Penex™ Unit

Kinetic Modeling of Light Naphtha Hydroisomerization in an Industrial Universal Oil Products Penex™ Unit

Development and Performance Evaluation of UHPC and HPC Using Eco-Friendly Additions as Substitute Cementitious Materials with Low Cost

Combining α-Al2O3 Packing Material and a ZnO Nanocatalyst in an Ozonized Bubble Column Reactor to Increase the Phenol Degradation from Wastewater

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