Catalytic esterification, kinetics, and cold flow properties of isobutyl palmitate

Zhang, Ni; Wang, Hua; Wang, Shuang; Gao, Shengyang

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2019.04.125

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…As well, the catalytic action diminished the glycol overtaking and accordingly minimized the whole period of the reaction. The PES reveals the crucial mechanism and kinetics of the catalytic esterification process [ 54 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparation, Properties, and Microbial Impact of Tungsten (VI) Oxide and Zinc (II) Oxide Nanoparticles Enriched Polyethylene Sebacate Nanocomposites

et al. 2021

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Nanoparticles of tungsten oxide (WO3) and zinc oxide (ZnO) enriched polyethylene sebacate (PES) nanocomposites were prepared through the coprecipitation process and condensation polymerization reaction. The obtained nano-sized particles of WO3 and ZnO, PES, and nanocomposites (WO3-PES NC and ZnO-PES NC) were investigated. The average molecular weight of the cured PES was measured by employing the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) technique. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra assured the formation of the polymeric nanocomposites.WO3 and ZnO nanoparticles supposed a condensed porous spherical phase found implanted in the polymer structure, as detected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. These nano-scale systems achieved an electrical activity based on the conductive nanoparticles embedded matrix as a result of the ion–ion interactions. The microbial influence of the nanocomposites was examined against pathogenic bacteria; Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Escherichia Coli, Staphylococcus Aureus, and Bacillus subtilis, and Fungi; Aspergillus niger, and Candidaalbicans. Results exhibited that these nanocomposites have antimicrobial effects from moderate to slightly high on bacteria and high on fungi which was confirmed by a clear zone of inhibition. This study contributes to the design of reasonable composites to be under evaluation for their catalytic effect.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…C=C bending of CH= was exposed as two peaks at 894 and 754 cm −1 . Owing to the low content of nano-sized oxides in PES, there are no considerable distinctions among the diagrams in which the spectrometric techniques are mainly employed to detect the hydrocarbon components [ 54 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation, Properties, and Microbial Impact of Tungsten (VI) Oxide and Zinc (II) Oxide Nanoparticles Enriched Polyethylene Sebacate Nanocomposites

et al. 2021

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“…This reaction time, however, will meet its optimum peak, in which if the reaction time is extended, the conversion of the FFA will be stable and not increase or decrease due to the back-andforth reactions (Ni et al, 2019). Figure 3 also shows that the optimum catalyst ratio was 12%.…”

Section: Characterization Of Sulfonated Carbon Of Palm Kernel Shellsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Biodiesel Production using Oil Extracted from Cooling Pond Wastewater by Esterification of Sulfonated Carbon Catalyst and Transesterification of Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> Catalyst

Kolakaningrum¹,

Agustina²,

Hadiah³

2021

J. Ecol. Eng.

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While high production of palm oil improves the community economy, it has the potential to damage the environment because it produces the waste containing quite a lot of residual oil. The wastewater generated by this production process flows into the cooling pond before it is further processed in aerobic and anaerobic ponds. The residual oil contained in the cooling pond can be collected and used, e.g. as raw material for biodiesel production. This research aimed to produce biodiesel by utilizing the oil extracted from cooling pond wastewater through the esterification method with a sulfonated carbon catalyst and a transesterification method with the Na 2 CO 3 catalyst. The sulfonated carbon catalyst was made from the palm kernel shells as a solid waste of the palm oil plant. In order to study the optimum amount of catalyst usage, the catalyst ratio was varied, i.e. 8-16% for the esterification process and 1-3% for the transesterification process. The reuse performance of sulfonated carbon catalysts was varied three times. On the basis of the research results, sulfonated carbon catalysts were proven to be effective as heterogeneous catalysts in the esterification process because they can reduce acid level to below 5 mg KOH/g oil. The sulfonated carbon catalyst ratio of 12% was the optimum ratio which can reduce the acid level to 4.62 mg KOH/g oil. The reuse of sulfonated carbon can reduce the acid level to 6.9 mg KOH/g oil at the first reuse. In the transesterification process, the optimum ratio of the Na 2 CO 3 catalyst of 3% was found. The biodiesel produced has met the biodiesel characteristics of National Indonesian Standard (SNI of 7182:2015) with the saponification number of 197.18 mg KOH/g oil, free glycerol of 0.09%, FAME content of 96.79%, and density of 886 kg/m 3 .

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“…Finally, according to the reaction rate constant k , through the Arrhenius Equation (7), took the logarithm of both sides of the equation to obtain the linear Equation (8) of ln k and 1/ T . Then the activation energy E a and pre‐exponential factor k 0 were calculated according to the slope and intercept of the linear equation 19

\begin{equation}k = {k_0}\exp \left( { - \frac{{{E_a}}}{{RT}}} \right)\end{equation}

\begin{equation}{\rm{ln}}k = \ln {k_0} - \frac{{{E_a}}}{{RT}}\end{equation}

where k was the reaction rate constant; E a was the activation energy, kJ/mol; k 0 was the pre‐exponential factor, min –1 ; T was the reaction temperature, K; R was the molar gas constant, 8.314 J/(mol/K).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then the activation energy E a and pre-exponential factor k 0 were calculated according to the slope and intercept of the linear equation. 19 𝑘 = 𝑘 0 exp…”

Section: Reaction Kinetic Model Establishment and Design Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

A kinetic study of the ultrasonically assisted ethyl esterification of fatty acids using an immobilized lipase catalyst and deep eutectic solvent

Suo

Hao

Zhang

et al. 2022

Int J of Chemical Kinetics

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In this study, the esterification reaction kinetics of biodiesel (fatty acid ethyl ester) prepared from waste oil (cooking oil waste and oleic acid mixture) and ethanol at three different temperatures (313.15, 323.15, and 333.15 K) by lipase (Novozym R 435) catalyzed. It was investigated under three different reaction systems of ultrasonic (without DES), deep eutectic solvent (DES, choline chloride: glycerol mole ratio = 1:2, without ultrasonic), and ultrasonic-assisted DES. The results showed that the combination of the ultrasonic and DES had a synergistic effect on the enzymatic reaction. The activation energy of the reaction was the smallest (24.82 kJ/mol) compared to the other two processes (ultrasonic: 34.38 kJ/mol and DES: 29.43 kJ/mol), and the reaction was easier to proceed. Subsequently, the reusability of lipase and the composition of the product were studied. The results showed that the conversion rate of fatty acid ethyl ester decreased from the initial 93.33% to 80.31% when the experiment was repeated five times in the ultrasonic-assisted DES system. The ethyl ester composition of the product was mainly concentrated between C 14 and C 24 , and the proportion of ethyl oleate was the most abundant.

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Catalytic esterification, kinetics, and cold flow properties of isobutyl palmitate

Cited by 15 publications

References 15 publications

Preparation, Properties, and Microbial Impact of Tungsten (VI) Oxide and Zinc (II) Oxide Nanoparticles Enriched Polyethylene Sebacate Nanocomposites

Preparation, Properties, and Microbial Impact of Tungsten (VI) Oxide and Zinc (II) Oxide Nanoparticles Enriched Polyethylene Sebacate Nanocomposites

Biodiesel Production using Oil Extracted from Cooling Pond Wastewater by Esterification of Sulfonated Carbon Catalyst and Transesterification of Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> Catalyst

A kinetic study of the ultrasonically assisted ethyl esterification of fatty acids using an immobilized lipase catalyst and deep eutectic solvent

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