Conversion of methane (CH4) to ethylene (C2H4) and/or acetylene (C2H2) enables
routes to a wide range of products directly from natural gas. However,
high reaction temperatures and pressures are often required to activate
and convert CH4 controllably, and separating C2+ products from unreacted CH4 can be challenging. Here,
we report the direct conversion of CH4 to C2H4 and C2H2 driven by non-thermal
plasma under ambient (25 °C and 1 atm) and flow conditions over
a metal–organic framework material, MFM-300(Fe). The selectivity
for the formation of C2H4 and C2H2 reaches 96% with a high time yield of 334 μmol gcat
–1 h–1. At a conversion
of 10%, the selectivity to C2+ hydrocarbons and time yield
exceed 98% and 2056 μmol gcat
–1 h–1, respectively, representing a new benchmark
for conversion of CH4. In situ neutron powder diffraction,
inelastic neutron scattering and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance,
electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and diffuse reflectance infrared
Fourier transform spectroscopies, coupled with modeling studies, reveal
the crucial role of Fe–O(H)–Fe sites in activating CH4 and stabilizing reaction intermediates via the formation
of an Fe–O(CH3)–Fe adduct. In addition, a
cascade fixed-bed system has been developed to achieve online separation
of C2H4 and C2H2 from
unreacted CH4 for direct use. Integrating the processes
of CH4 activation, conversion, and product separation within
one system opens a new avenue for natural gas utility, bridging the
gap between fundamental studies and practical applications in this
area.