Catalytic cracking of chlorinated heavy wax from pyrolysis of plastic wastes to low carbon-range fuels: Catalyst effect on properties of liquid products and dechlorination

Combined Activated Carbon with Spent Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst and MgO for the Catalytic Conversion of Waste Polyethylene Wax into Diesel-like Hydrocarbon Fuels

“…Furthermore, an increase in the loading percentage of spent FCC in the catalytic pyrolysis of WPEW increased both Lewis acid and Brønsted acid active sites, which consisted of strong acidity and was favorable for coke formation by mass transfer of small molecules through the external surface and hindering contact between the large structure and the active sites inside the catalyst, thereby accelerating the decomposition of volatile vapor into small hydrocarbon compounds and obtaining a greater product distribution in the gas yield. 15 , 17 , 20 , 23 , 32 The product distribution of the liquid product consisted of naphtha from 29.31 to 35.88 wt % by the use of spent FCC loading increased from 1 to 5 wt %, whereas kerosene, diesel, and long-chain residue contents decreased to 15.03–13.51, 34.51–27.97, and 3.72–2.56 wt %, respectively. The effect of the acidic sites in the metal oxides could facilitate the dehydration reaction of organic molecules, which could also promote the cleavage of the macromolecules into small ones.…”

“…Noncondensable gases affected the decrease in liquids and solid yield, while the yield of the gas product increased. Furthermore, an increase in the loading percentage of spent FCC in the catalytic pyrolysis of WPEW increased both Lewis acid and Brønsted acid active sites, which consisted of strong acidity and was favorable for coke formation by mass transfer of small molecules through the external surface and hindering contact between the large structure and the active sites inside the catalyst, thereby accelerating the decomposition of volatile vapor into small hydrocarbon compounds and obtaining a greater product distribution in the gas yield. ,,,, The product distribution of the liquid product consisted of naphtha from 29.31 to 35.88 wt % by the use of spent FCC loading increased from 1 to 5 wt %, whereas kerosene, diesel, and long-chain residue contents decreased to 15.03–13.51, 34.51–27.97, and 3.72–2.56 wt %, respectively. The effect of the acidic sites in the metal oxides could facilitate the dehydration reaction of organic molecules, which could also promote the cleavage of the macromolecules into small ones. ,, When using a spent FCC loading of 1–5 wt %, it was found that using a spent FCC increased the product distribution in the naphtha-like range, while kerosene, diesel, and a long residue range also decreased due to the influence of the active site on the spent FCC enhanced to promote the dehydrogenation reactions, affecting an increase in the hydrogen transfer.…”

“…In general, both the acidic active site and porosity play a role in the diffusion and decomposition of carbon–carbon bonds over the acid sites and porous surface structure of the catalyst to obtain small hydrocarbon compounds. 15 However, high-temperature conditions may result in carbonaceous properties on the catalyst surface and hinder catalyst surface disintegration, affecting catalyst deactivation. 16 …”

“…The presence of catalysts enhanced the C–H and C–C bond cleavage of large hydrocarbon chains into medium or small hydrocarbon molecules before further isomerization, oligomerization, cyclization, and aromatization reactions. In general, both the acidic active site and porosity play a role in the diffusion and decomposition of carbon–carbon bonds over the acid sites and porous surface structure of the catalyst to obtain small hydrocarbon compounds . However, high-temperature conditions may result in carbonaceous properties on the catalyst surface and hinder catalyst surface disintegration, affecting catalyst deactivation …”

Catalytic cracking of M-100 fuel oil: relationships between origin process parameters and conversion products

“…At present, the development of technologies for processing oil residues is relevant and promising, which is associated with an increase in the share of hard-to-recover oil reserves: heavy and high-viscosity oils in the world. This, in turn, forces refineries to select carefully the available technologies for processing oil residues and increase the share of heavy oil raw materials in the total volume of oil-processing feedstock [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. 40-45% of all high-octane gasoline is produced at catalytic cracking plants with a steamer.…”