Catalytic conversion of glucose to 5-hydroxymethyl furfural using inexpensive co-catalysts and solvents

Review: Sustainable production of hydroxymethylfurfural and levulinic acid: Challenges and opportunities

“…Choline chloride, for instance, has been used successfully for synthesising HMF from a number of carbohydrates [96]. Other researchers have experimented with ionic liquids that are cheaper than the conventionally used ones, such as tetraethyl ammonium chloride, to bring down costs [89,140].…”

Direct transformation of xylan-type hemicelluloses to furfural via SnCl4 catalysts in aqueous and biphasic systems

“…In 2007, Zhao et al (2007) for the first time had discovered that the chromium (II) chlorides were very effective catalysts for the conversion of glucose to 5-HMF with a yield near 70%, which inspired many studies on chromium chlorides (II, III) for the synthesis of furanic compounds (Binder et al, 2010;Yuan et al, 2011). In parallel, AlCl 3 and FeCl 3 , possessing the abundant and cheap characteristic, had received considerable attentions for the production of HMF and furfural or the pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials Liu et al, 2009;Mao et al, 2013;vom Stein et al, 2011;Zhang et al, 2013), which achieved satisfactory results.…”

The Catalytic Conversion of d-Glucose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in DMSO Using Metal Salts

“…[13] When using DMSO as the solvent and CrCl 2 as the catalyst, the HMF yield was only 46 mol%. Yuan et al [14] reported HMF yields up to 49 mol% for a catalyst system consisting of CrCl 2 and tetraethylammonium chloride (TEAC) as the co-catalyst. Apart from chromium salts, SnCl 4 [8] and GeCl 4 [10] are also active catalysts for the conversion of D-glucose to HMF in DMSO, and HMF yields up to 40 mol% were obtained for both catalysts.…”