Catalytic activity of enzymes immobilized on AlGaN∕GaN solution gate field-effect transistors

Baur, Barbara; Howgate, John; Ribbeck, H. G. von; Gawlina, Y.; Bandalo, V.; Steinhoff, G.; Stutzmann, M.; Eickhoff, Martin

doi:10.1063/1.2369534

Cited by 65 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Without multilayers, the detection time is decreased due to eliminating the time required for analytes to diffuse through multilayers of receptors. 21 Another advantage is the commercial availability of functionalized Au NPs and the straightforward method of spotting NPs on a device wafer. On the other hand, one disadvantage of HEMT functionalization by adsorption of Au NPs is the difficulty of controlling the surface concentration of NPs.…”

Section: -mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physisorption of functionalized gold nanoparticles on AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors for sensing applications

Makowski

Kim

Gaillard

et al. 2013

Applied Physics Letters

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AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) were used to measure electrical characteristics of physisorbed gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) functionalized with alkanethiols with a terminal methyl, amine, or carboxyl functional group. Additional alkanethiol was physisorbed onto the NP treated devices to distinguish between the effects of the Au NPs and alkanethiols on HEMT operation. Scanning Kelvin probe microscopy and electrical measurements were used to characterize the treatment effects. The HEMTs were operated near threshold voltage due to the greatest sensitivity in this region. The Au NP/HEMT system electrically detected functional group differences on adsorbed NPs which is pertinent to biosensor applications. With the need for rapid detection of biomolecular analytes in the life sciences and medicine, the research community has made great progress in developing microscale and nanoscale sensors for many biological applications.1,2 One promising biosensor structure is the AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) due to its chemical stability, 2 electrical stability in ionic solutions, 3 biocompatibility, 4,5 and high sensitivity to adsorbed surface charges. 2 These devices have been used for many biomedical and life sciences applications including detection of proteins, 6 DNA,7 pathogens, 8 and cellular signals. 9 A two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) is formed at the interface between the AlGaN and GaN layers due to piezoelectric polarization and spontaneous polarization that is sensitive to adsorbed surface charges.2 Binding of a charged analyte near the gate area of a HEMT biosensor changes the surface potential at the gate that modulates the conductance of the 2DEG charge carrier channel and results in a measureable change in electrical current through the device. 2,10

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Section: -mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physisorption of functionalized gold nanoparticles on AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors for sensing applications

Makowski

Kim

Gaillard

et al. 2013

Applied Physics Letters

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“…In addition to inherent pH-sensitivity [4], the functionalization of the sensor surface with e.g. ion-selective membranes [5], enzymes [6] or cells [7] makes a multitude of physical, chemical and biochemical parameters accessible. A high chemical stability, biocompatibility and the possibility of monolithic integration of GaN-based optoelectronics also contribute to the construction of miniaturised and integrated devices.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…EnFETs are fabricated by covalent immobilisation of penicillinase on the gate area of the ISFETs as described in Ref. [6]. For parallel measurements 2 EnFETs and an ISFET as a reference sensor were used.…”

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confidence: 99%

A novel GaN‐based multiparameter sensor system for biochemical analysis

Lübbers

Kittler

Ort

et al. 2008

Phys. Status Solidi (c)

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GaN and its ternary alloys offer several advantages for the fabrication of biochemical sensors systems due to their chemical stability and optical transparency. We employ ion‐sensitive field effect transistors (ISFET) based on a surface sensitive AlGaN/GaN heterostructure. Combined with a picoliter dosing system, an integrated micro reference electrode and an optical spectroscopy system a novel multi‐parameter analysis system for aqueous solutions in the micro‐ to nanoliter range was constructed. Application examples are presented to illustrate the application potential of the sensor system e.g. in the high‐throughput screening of cancer drugs. Simultaneous opto‐electrochemical monitoring of enzyme reaction kinetics by pH and absorption measurements in 700 nl and parallel automated measurements with functionalized enzyme‐modified FETs (EnFET) and a reference ISFET in 3 µl are demonstrated. The experimental data obtained agree well with published values for the reaction kinetic and with reference measurements performed with a state‐of‐the‐art pH‐meter and spectrophotometer which require 1000‐fold larger volumes. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

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“…SiC, GaN/ GaAlN, AlN, ZnO and Diamond has been demonstrated as material for biosensing transducers. Transistors based on GaN/GaAlN were immobilized by penicillinase and enzyme substrate activity was measured [5]. Thin film bulk acoustic resonators based on AlN operated at a frequency of 1 GHz are developed as biosensors with potentially very high sensitivity due to the high operation frequency [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New transducer material concepts for biosensors and surface functionalization

et al. 2009

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Wide bandgap materials like SiC, ZnO, AlN form a strong platform as transducers for biosensors realized as e.g. ISFET (ion selective field effect transistor) devices or resonators. We have taken two main steps towards a multifunctional biosensor transducer. First we have successfully functionalized ZnO and SiC surfaces with e.g. APTES. For example ZnO is interesting since it may be functionalized with biomolecules without any oxidation of the surface and several sensing principles are possible. Second, ISFET devises with a porous metal gate as a semi-reference electrode are being developed. Nitric oxide, NO, is a gas which participates in the metabolism. Resistivity changes in Ga doped ZnO was demonstrated as promising for NO sensing also in humid atmosphere, in order to simulate breath.

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Catalytic activity of enzymes immobilized on AlGaN∕GaN solution gate field-effect transistors

Cited by 65 publications

References 11 publications

Physisorption of functionalized gold nanoparticles on AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors for sensing applications

Physisorption of functionalized gold nanoparticles on AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors for sensing applications

A novel GaN‐based multiparameter sensor system for biochemical analysis

New transducer material concepts for biosensors and surface functionalization

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