Catalysts for the Formation of Alcohols from Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen<sup>1</sup>: III—X-Ray Examination of Methanol Catalysts composed of Copper and Zinc

Frölich, K.; Davidson, R. L.; Fenske, M. R.

doi:10.1021/ie50230a003

Cited by 26 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Since its inception in the 1920's, [1][2][3][4][5][6] the copper-zinc-alumina (CZA) catalyst formulation has remained the most effective, and industrially preferred, solution for the bulk production of methanol from syngas. [7,8] Recently, CZA is intensively researched as a leading contender for the commercial and direct hydrogenation of carbon dioxide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drastic Events and Gradual Change Define the Structure of an Active Copper‐Zinc‐Alumina Catalyst for Methanol Synthesis

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The copper-zinc-alumina (CZA) catalyst is one of the most important catalysts. Nevertheless, understanding of the complex CZA structure is still limited and hampers further optimization. Critical to the production of a highly active and stable catalyst are optimal start-up procedures in hydrogen. Here, by employing operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, we follow how the industrial CZA precursor evolves into the working catalyst. Two major events in the activation drastically alter the copper-and zinc-containing components in the CZA catalyst and define the final working catalyst structure: the reduction of the starting copper(II) oxide, and the ripening and reoxidation of zinc oxide upon the switch to catalytic conditions. These drastic events are also accompanied by other gradual, structural changes. Understanding what happens during these events is key to develop tailored start-up protocols that are aimed at maximal longevity and activity of the catalysts.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drastic Events and Gradual Change Define the Structure of an Active Copper‐Zinc‐Alumina Catalyst for Methanol Synthesis

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…18, 1976 (1924). (13) McKee and Burke, U. S. Patent 1,738,785 (1929). (14) Michael and Brunei, Am, Chem.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalysts for the Formation of Alcohols from Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen

Frolich¹,

Cryder²

1930

Ind. Eng. Chem.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Reduction of mixed oxides containing Cu and Zn provides scope for the formation of brass, as had been recognized, at least hypothetically, by Frolich et al as early as 1929. 34 Van Herwijnen and De Jong 58 reported brass formation upon reduction of CuO/ZnO mixtures in dilute hydrogen streams at 573 K, referring to Rogers' 1927 paper. 31 In this study, a 32% CuO/62% ZnO/2% Fe 2 O 3 low-temperature shift catalyst is discussed.…”

Section: Brass Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Enigma of Methanol Synthesis by Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃-Based Catalysts

Beck,

Newton,

van de Water

et al. 2024

Chem. Rev.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The activity and durability of the Cu/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 (CZA) catalyst formulation for methanol synthesis from CO/CO 2 /H 2 feeds far exceed the sum of its individual components. As such, this ternary catalytic system is a prime example of synergy in catalysis, one that has been employed for the large scale commercial production of methanol since its inception in the mid 1960s with precious little alteration to its original formulation. Methanol is a key building block of the chemical industry. It is also an attractive energy storage molecule, which can also be produced from CO 2 and H 2 alone, making efficient use of sequestered CO 2 . As such, this somewhat unusual catalyst formulation has an enormous role to play in the modern chemical industry and the world of global economics, to which the correspondingly voluminous and ongoing research, which began in the 1920s, attests. Yet, despite this commercial success, and while research aimed at understanding how this formulation functions has continued throughout the decades, a comprehensive and universally agreed upon understanding of how this material achieves what it does has yet to be realized. After nigh on a century of research into CZA catalysts, the purpose of this Review is to appraise what has been achieved to date, and to show how, and how far, the field has evolved. To do so, this Review evaluates the research regarding this catalyst formulation in a chronological order and critically assesses the validity and novelty of various hypotheses and claims that have been made over the years. Ultimately, the Review attempts to derive a holistic summary of what the current body of literature tells us about the fundamental sources of the synergies at work within the CZA catalyst and, from this, suggest ways in which the field may yet be further advanced.

show abstract

Catalysts for the Formation of Alcohols from Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen¹: III—X-Ray Examination of Methanol Catalysts composed of Copper and Zinc

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

Drastic Events and Gradual Change Define the Structure of an Active Copper‐Zinc‐Alumina Catalyst for Methanol Synthesis

Drastic Events and Gradual Change Define the Structure of an Active Copper‐Zinc‐Alumina Catalyst for Methanol Synthesis

Catalysts for the Formation of Alcohols from Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen

The Enigma of Methanol Synthesis by Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃-Based Catalysts

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Catalysts for the Formation of Alcohols from Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen1: III—X-Ray Examination of Methanol Catalysts composed of Copper and Zinc

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

Drastic Events and Gradual Change Define the Structure of an Active Copper‐Zinc‐Alumina Catalyst for Methanol Synthesis

Drastic Events and Gradual Change Define the Structure of an Active Copper‐Zinc‐Alumina Catalyst for Methanol Synthesis

Catalysts for the Formation of Alcohols from Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen

The Enigma of Methanol Synthesis by Cu/ZnO/Al2O3-Based Catalysts

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Catalysts for the Formation of Alcohols from Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen¹: III—X-Ray Examination of Methanol Catalysts composed of Copper and Zinc

The Enigma of Methanol Synthesis by Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃-Based Catalysts