Catalyst Induced Hydrino Transition (CIHT) electrochemical cell

Abstract

SUMMARYAtomic hydrogen is predicted to form fractional Rydberg energy states H(1/p) called 'hydrino atoms' wherein n = 1/2,1/3,1/ 4,…,1/p (p ≤ 137 is an integer) replaces the well-known parameter n = integer in the Rydberg equation for hydrogen excited states. The transition of H to a stable hydrino state H[a H /p = m + 1] having a binding energy of p 2  13.6 eV occurs by a nonradiative resonance energy transfer of m  27.2 eV (m is an integer) to a matched energy acceptor such as nascent H 2 O which has a potential energy of 81.6 eV (m = 3) to form an intermediate that decays with the emission of continuum bands with short wavelength cutoffs and energies of m 2  13.6 eV. The predicted H(1/4) continuum radiation in the region 10 to 30 nm was observed first at BlackLight Power, Inc. (BLP) and reproduced at the Harvard Center for Astrophysics (CfA) wherein H 2 O catalyst was formed by a hydrogen reduction reaction at the anode of a hydrogen pinch plasma. By the same mechanism, the nascent H 2 O molecule formed by an oxidation reaction of OH À at a hydrogen anode is predicted to serve as a catalyst to form H(1/4) with an energy release of 204 eV compared to the 1.48 eV required to produce H from electrolysis of H 2 O. CIHT cells, each comprising a Ni anode, NiO cathode, a LiOH-LiBr eutectic mixture as the electrolyte, and MgO matrix exploit hydrino formation as a half-cell reaction to serve as a new electrical energy source. The cells were operated under intermittent H 2 O electrolysis to generate H at the anode and then discharged to form hydrinos wherein trace H 2 O vapor was supplied as entrained in an inert gas flow in otherwise closed cells. Net electrical production over the electrolysis input was measured using an Arbin BT 2000 (<0.1% error) and confirmed using a digital oscilloscope, wherein no theoretical conventional energy was possible. Materials characterizations included those that quantified any compositional change of the electrolyte by elemental analysis using ICPMS, XRF, and XRD, and SEM were performed on the anode. The electrical energies were continuously output over long-duration, measured on different systems, configurations, and modes of operation and were typically multiples of the electrical input that in most cases exceed the input by a factor of greater than 10. Calorimetry of solid fuels that exploited the same catalyst and a similar reaction mechanism showed excess thermal energy greater than 10 times the maximum possible from any conventional reaction. The predicted molecular hydrino H 2 (1/4) was identified as a product of CIHT cells and solid fuels by MAS 1 H NMR, ToF-SIMS, ESI-ToFMS, electron-beam excitation emission spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence emission spectroscopy, FTIR, and XPS.

Mechanism of soft x-ray continuum radiation from low-energy pinch discharges of hydrogen and ultra-low field ignition of solid fuels

“…Of the two possible catalysts, mH and HOH, the latter is more likely on the behavior with oxide coated electrodes based on the intensity profile at short wavelengths and the dependency on a thermodynamically favorable reaction of metal oxide to HOH at the anode. A similar mechanism is functional in the CIHT cell [30,32]. In addition to characteristic continuum radiation having a short-wavelength cutoff of ⋅ = m m 13.6 eV; 3 2 for hydrino transition H to H(1/4) catalyzed by HOH, the transition also produced predicted selective extraordinary high-kinetic energy H that was observed by the corresponding broadening of the Balmer α line [5] consistent with previous observations [10].…”

“…Solid fuels comprising metal oxides and hydroxides that undergo hydrogen reduction to form HOH show substantial excess energy [30,31]. These results as well as those of electrochemical (CIHT) cells utilizing the HOH catalyst [30][31][32] show that HOH catalyst has much higher kinetics than mH catalyst, and the reaction is favorable with metal oxides such as those of Mo, W, and Ta that favorably undergo hydrogen reduction to form HOH catalyst. The strong oxygen ion lines in the continuum from the H pinch plasma show the presence of metal oxide that is permissive of the HOH mechanism.…”

“…The source emits its light spectrum through an entrance aperture passing through a slit, with the spectrum dispersed off a grazing-incidence grating onto a CCD detection system. 30 μl, D: 6.7 mm × 3 mm (Setaram, S08/HBB37408) and aluminum cover D: 6.7 mm, stamped, tight (Setaram, S08/HBB37409)) (DSC pan), (iv) 5 mg energetic material gun powder sealed in the Al DSC pan, and (v) 30 mg paraffin wax sealed in the DSC pan.…”

Against Point Charges

“…In (Mills, Lotoski, Good, & He, 2014), it is stated that "the predicted molecular hydrino H 2 (1/4) was identified … by MAS 1 H NMR, ToF-SIMS, ESI-ToFMS, electron-beam excitation emission spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence emission spectroscopy, FTIR, and XPS", citing (Mills et al, 2013) and . For instance, in (Mills, Lotoski, Good, & He, 2014), a Raman peak matching the free rotor energy of molecular hydrino H 2 (1/4) has been observed in the products of a reaction that produces hydrinos according to Mills' theory.…”

A comment to ‘Catalyst Induced Hydrino Transition (CIHT) electrochemical cell’

“…In the article entitled ‘Catalyst Induced Hydrino Transition (CIHT) electrochemical cell’ , the authors present an experimental setup that is claimed to form hydrinos, that is, an electronic state of the hydrogen atom with a binding energy of 13.6 eV. The theoretical basis for such states has been thoroughly investigated .…”