Catalyst in algal refinery: A way towards production of high-quality biofuel

Chakraborty, Sukanya; Sirotiya, Vandana; Rai, Anshuman; Varjani, Sunita; Vinayak, Vandana

doi:10.1016/j.scp.2023.101092

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 156 publications

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“…In addition, no diffraction peaks for ZnSO 4 were detected in SO 4 2– /ZnO-β-zeolite, which may be due to uniform distribution of sulfate species over the zeolite crystals’ surface, in agreement with the literature . These results, which are in agreement with previous literature reports on solid acid catalysts, − provide evidence of the crystallinity of the catalysts and the incorporation of zinc and sulfonate species into the β-zeolite structure.…”

Section: Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Zinc oxide and lead oxide are promising catalysts for both transesterification and esterification, but they are prone to leaching and have negative reuse effects . This problem is also common with several homogeneous and heterogeneous acid catalysts . Therefore, incorporation of proper support is also very important to improve the reusability of the catalyst and reduce leaching problems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 35 This problem is also common with several homogeneous and heterogeneous acid catalysts. 36 Therefore, incorporation of proper support is also very important to improve the reusability of the catalyst and reduce leaching problems. Pure oxides are mostly supported by activated carbon, silica, and alumina.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil via β-Zeolite-Supported Sulfated Metal Oxide Catalyst Systems

2023

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Waste cooking oil (WCO) is a readily available and cheap feedstock for biodiesel production. However, WCO contains high levels of free fatty acids (FFAs), which negatively impact the biodiesel yield if homogeneous catalysts are used. Heterogeneous solid acid catalysts are preferred for low-cost feedstocks because the catalysts are highly insensitive to high levels of FFA in the feedstock. Therefore, in the present study, we synthesized and evaluated different solid catalysts, pure β-zeolite, ZnO-β-zeolite, and SO 4 2− /ZnO-β-zeolite for the production of biodiesel using WCO as feedstock. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), pyridine-FTIR, N 2 adsorption−desorption, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy, while the biodiesel product was analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H and 13 C NMR) and gas chromatography−mass spectroscopy. The results revealed that the SO 4 2− /ZnO-β-zeolite catalyst showed excellent catalytic performance for simultaneous transesterification and esterification of WCO, with a higher percentage conversion than the ZnO-β-zeolite and pure β-zeolite catalyst, due to the large pore size and high acidity. The SO 4 2− /ZnO-β-zeolite catalyst exhibits 6.5 nm pore size, a total pore volume of 0.17 cm 3 /g, and high surface area of 250.26 m 2 /g. Experimental parameters such as catalyst loading, methanol:oil molar ratio, temperature, and reaction time were varied in order to establish the optimal parameters. The highest WCO conversion of 96.9% was obtained using the SO 4 2− / ZnO-β-zeolite catalyst under an optimum reaction condition of 3.0 wt % catalyst loading, 200 °C reaction temperature, and 15:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil in 8 h reaction time. The WCO-derived biodiesel properties conform to the ASTM6751 standard specification. Our investigation of its kinetics revealed that the reaction follows a pseudo first-order kinetic model, with an activation energy (E a ) of 38.58 kJ/mol. Moreover, the stability and reusability of the catalysts were evaluated, and it was found that the SO 4 2− / ZnO-β-zeolite catalyst exhibited good stability, giving a biodiesel conversion of over 80% after three synthesis cycles.

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Section: Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil via β-Zeolite-Supported Sulfated Metal Oxide Catalyst Systems

2023

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“…1–4 Their biomass is capable to build up a notable quantity of these compounds and can be used in nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries besides being a reservoir of biofuel. 4–6 They produce astaxanthin, which is known as the ‘king of ketocarotenoids’ and has stormed the commercial market with its price shooting to 2.57 billion US$ in 2025 which can reach up to 3.4 billion US$ by 2027. 1,7–9 However, the factors that play a role in controlling the growth of H. pluvialis , metabolism, and biochemical composition for producing value-added products are temperature, pH, light intensity, and nutrient availability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%